Root systems are responsible for the uptake of water and nutrients needed to support crop growth and development, ameliorate the effects of other stressors and increase vegetable production. Roots are crucial for maintaining plant water status and meeting shoot transpirational demands as the leaves assimilate carbon (C). This chapter focusses on the potential of root traits to support increases in yield, maximize the effective use of resources and provide abiotic stress tolerance in vegetable crops. The chapter discusses root traits and molecular indicators regarding water and nutrient uptake, root-microbe interactions, abiotic stress and technologies for crop improvement. Finally, the chapter looks ahead to future research trends in this area.