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Carbon management practices and benefits in conservation agriculture systems: carbon sequestration rates
The adoption of Conservation Agriculture (CA) and the maintenance of crop residues on the soil surface result in the long-term increase of carbon (C) in the system, promoting C sequestration and reducing C-CO2 emissions to the atmosphere. The present study conducted in subtropical and tropical re...
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Biologically based control strategies for managing stored-product insect pests
The search for and application of less harmful and environmentally-friendly control measures against pest organisms are general trends in agriculture and insofar in stored-product protection. As a consequence, new approaches and more alternatives for conventional chemical pesticides combined with...
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Improving organic animal farming for the future
This chapter reviews key issues and approaches in improving organic animal farming for the future. It emphasises the value of developing diverse solutions suited to local conditions as well as the importance of understanding and working in harmony with the natural resource base. The chapter highl...
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Advances and challenges in strawberry genetic improvement
The commercial strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) is a popular temperate fruit that is both nutritious and widely appreciated for flavour. The purpose of this chapter is to highlight some of the newest innovations in strawberry production with particular emphasis on genetic improvement of the crop....
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Post-harvest storage management of mango fruit
As soon as a high-quality fruit and good yield are achieved, the mango fruit is harvested and the post-harvest-handling venture begins. It is estimated that, from harvest to plate, more than one-third of the fruit yield is lost. The purpose of this chapter is to review existing information and re...
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Advances in pig nutrition
This collection reviews the wealth of research addressing the major challenges facing pig nutrition, including the need to meet the changing needs of animals as they grow whilst minimising environmentally-damaging nutrient losses, as well as improving feed conversion efficiency and finding more s...
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Foundations of an ipm program: detection, identification, and quantification
Integration of pest management efforts based on advanced technologies and multiple pest assessments in multi-field and areawide venues has led to a host of sophisticated approaches that continue to shape the discipline of integrated pest management (IPM). From the initial efforts, the concept of ...
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Developments in techniques to test the efficacy of animal feed products
Various animal feed products may influence animal health, conversion of animal feed into food of animal origin and the emissions caused by animals. All these matters are regulated in the directives of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). This chapter first discusses EFSA guidance on how to ...
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New types of products from tropical wood
This chapter discusses the Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) practices in the tropics and highlights the main wood and biomass resources available. It then elaborates the types of products developed from these resources, both traditional and new products developed. It provides an insight into t...
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Welfare issues in poultry housing and management: laying hens
Laying hens produce a large number of eggs on an annual basis. In recent years, permitted housing methods in the EU have changed to enriched cages and cage-free systems (i.e. barn, free-range and organic production methods), but worldwide hens are still also housed in conventional cages. The vari...
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Fostering carbon sequestration in humid tropical and subtropical soils
In the warm and humid tropics and subtropics, conservation agriculture, based on no-tillage and cropping systems with high biomass production, creates a positive balance between the output and input of carbon (C), which increases soil organic C (SOC) stocks by 0.3–0.6 Megagrams per hectare per ye...
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Soil health and climate change: a critical nexus
A healthy soil has the capacity to sustain biological activity, maintain environmental quality and promote plant and animal health. This chapter reviews the impact of climate change on the key components of soil health, including soil physical, chemical and biological properties. Holistically, un...
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The use of growth promoters in pig nutrition
This chapter will describe the use of growth promoters in pigs, specifically growth hormone (GH) and beta-adrenergic agonist (BA), with the latter focussing on ractopamine. After introducing each growth promoter, their individual effects on growth and feed efficiency will be described, followed b...
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Nutritional properties and biological activity of lactose and other dairy carbohydrates
Lactose is the main carbohydrate in the milk of dairy animals; it is also the only dairy carbohydrate that is digested in the human small intestine. While lactose is digested by all human infants, it is conditionally digestible in human adults and its nutritional properties depend on the genetic ...
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Viruses affecting poultry
Infectious diseases, particularly those caused by viral pathogens, pose one of the most serious threats to the growth and sustainability of the global poultry industry. The industry relies heavily on vaccination-based control strategies, but there are important challenges for this approach, such ...
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Improving modelling of water cycles in crop cultivation
Adequate representation of the water cycle in cropping systems remains as one of the major concerns for crop model developers as it is involved in many critical processes such as the determination of the energy balance and crop temperature, the determination of crop productivity, and the movement...
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Valuing plant genetic resources in genebanks: past, present and future
Though the intrinsic value to society of plant genetic resources conserved in genebanks may be recognized, assigning a cardinal value to them remains elusive. This chapter summarises the main messages from applied economics literature on genebank values that began in the late 1990s, a recent set ...
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Advances in control of wheat diseases: fusarium head blight, wheat blast and powdery mildew
Fusarium head blight, wheat blast and powdery mildew are among the serious damaging diseases of wheat, which are caused by fungi of Ascomycota phylum. Integrated approaches are mandatory for efficient control of all three diseases. Control measures may either contribute to reducing the abundance ...
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Improving potato cultivation to promote food self-sufficiency in africa
Demand for potato in sub-Saharan Africa is growing, but the projected growth in demand is not matched by the projected growth rate in local potato production. An interplay of factors ensure the production gains achieved are small and slow. This chapter reviews the current state of potato producti...
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Zero-tillage cultivation of maize
Zero-till cultivation of maize (Zea mays L.) is a relatively widely used production system whereby the only soil disturbance occurs with the seeding operation. The system aims to reduce erosion, improve soil physical attributes, decrease costs, and improve long-term sustainability of maize cultiv...
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The role of essential oils and other botanicals in optimizing gut function in poultry
The poultry industry has long trusted antibiotics for their benefits in chicken production such as improved feed conversion, growth promotion and disease control. However, the emergence of bacterial antimicrobial resistance has resulted in the U.S. federal guidelines prompting the animal industri...
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Natural antifungal compounds for the control of diseases in wheat and other cereals
Secondary metabolites are essential when considering the ecological context in which an organism operates. They have an array of functions, related to signalling and dealing with biotic and abiotic stress situations. For defence against pathogenic fungi, plants can synthesize various metabolites....
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Circular, closed-loop agricultural systems: key principles and challenges
This chapter discusses the relationship between circular economy and bioeconomy as they relate to agriculture.
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Optimising pig welfare in breeding and gestation
This chapter considers factors affecting the welfare of pigs during breeding and gestation and provides recommendations on optimising their welfare in commercial conditions. The chapter concludes with a summary of the main findings and a discussion of future opportunities to safeguard pig welfare.
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Advances in sheep breeding
This chapter summarises early developments in sheep breeding programmes, with the main emphasis on the Australian industry. It will examine common current breeding practices such as objective trait measurement, flock genetic evaluation and the development of breeding objectives based on rational ...
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Instant insights: ensuring the welfare of laying hens
This collection provides a comprehensive overview of the key welfare issues affecting laying hens, as well as the measures and practices which can be put in place to prevent their occurrence. Chapters review the range of welfare issues affecting laying hens in conventional cages, enriched cages a...
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Genomic selection in poultry breeding using single-step genomic best linear unbiased prediction
Single-step genomic BLUP (ssGBLUP) aims to eliminate the bias in BLUP by considering phenotypic, pedigree, and genomic information jointly. In ssGBLUP this is done by combining pedigree and genomic relationships into a single relationship matrix. ssGLBLUP has become a tool of choice because of hi...
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Improving water management in sorghum cultivation
Grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) is a drought tolerant crop that has been grown across the American Great Plains since the early twentieth century, primarily as a feed crop. Sorghum’s deep, fibrous root system provides greater root volume and therefore potential access to a greater soi...
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Balancing oil palm cultivation with forest and biodiversity conservation
With the formation of the Roundtable for Sustainable Palm Oil, environmentalists and consumers anticipated a decrease in the indiscriminate destruction of tropical rainforests. Ten years later, thousands of hectares of tropical rainforests continue to be cleared for oil palm plantations in the tr...
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Developing polyphenols from agricultural wastes
Large volumes of organic waste are generated from growing, harvesting and processing crops. These organic bioresidues contain large quantities of diverse bioactive molecules, including phenolic compounds. These compounds have significant antioxidant and health-promoting properties. A more sustain...
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Diseases affecting barley: scald
Scald (leaf blotch), caused by the hemibiotrophic pathogen Rhynchosporium commune, is one of the major diseases of barley worldwide. Typical disease symptoms consist of necrotic areas on the leaf blades. Yield losses are manifested as reduced kernel quality, size and number per ear. This chapter ...
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Instant insights: improving crop nutrient use efficiency
This specially curated collection features four reviews of current and key research on improving crop nutrient use efficiency.
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Manure and compost management to maintain soil health
This chapter discusses the role of manure and compost in maintaining soil health in relation to the use of inorganic fertilizer. It reviews best management practices in using manure and the effects of increased manure use, including resolving problems related to excess manure. The chapter reviews...
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Ethical issues in developing new technologies in agriculture
From the perspective of agricultural ethics, I am investigating potential ethical issues threatening radical innovation in agriculture, and what kind of questions these ethical issues entail for innovators. First, the role of ethics in the development of radical new technologies in general will b...
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Instant insights: managing bacterial diseases of poultry
This collection features five peer-reviewed reviews on managing bacterial diseases of poultry.
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Optimising pig welfare during transport, lairage and slaughter
Preslaughter practices, such as transport, handling and slaughter, can affect the welfare of pigs, and carcass and meat quality both individually and additively. Poor transport conditions and handling may result in loss of profits due to animal losses, carcass downgrading and meat quality defects...
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Agricultural traffic management systems and soil health
This chapter examines the relationship between agricultural traffic and soil compaction. It begins by reviewing research on how agricultural traffic affects soil compaction as well as ways of measuring soil compaction and its effects. It then discusses a range of potential techniques to avoid soi...
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Banana cultivation in africa
Banana is important as a food, cash and climate-resilient crop in Africa. However, its productivity has declined tremendously to less than 10 t/ha compared with a potential 60–100 t/ha and plantation longevity has also severely reduced. This chapter examines the composition and distribution of ba...
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Conservation agriculture for sustainable intensification of maize and other cereal systems: the case of latin america
Latin American agriculture faces many challenges, including extensive soil degradation and the prospect of increasing rainfall variability due to climate change. Conservation agriculture offers a way of responding to these challenges through improved management practices to prevent further soil d...
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Advances in breeding of mangoes
Mango (Mangifera indica L.) and closely related genera (Mangifera spp.) belong to the family Anacardiaceae that consists of dicotyledonous trees and shrubs. The mango is distributed widely in the world’s tropical and subtropical regions as well as in a wide range of areas with a marginal climate ...
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Ramularia leaf spot in barley
Ramularia leaf spot is an emerging pathogen across barley growing regions of the world. It's rise from minor to major disease has been rapid over the last twenty years. The causal pathogen, Ramularia collo-cygni is poorly understood but it has been shown to have a complex life cycle and the abili...
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Life cycle assessments of oil palm products
It is crucial to adapt models and tools that enable the identification of best oil palm cultivation practices in order to contribute to reduce the environmental impacts of agriculture. Oil palm causes impact on the environment both during cultivation and as a result of land use change for new pl...
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Managing sustainable food safety on dairy farms
Within the dairy food chain, the production of milk is the first phase in a series of steps resulting in dairy food products ready to be consumed. At farm level, it is critical to ensure that good management practices minimize the risk of contamination in order to reach a level of risk acceptable...
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Optimizing precision in orchard irrigation and nutrient management
Precise water and nutrient management in fruit production systems has become a key area of study over recent years, not only due to the changing climate but also due to increased demand for fruit from a growing population as part of a healthy diet. Irrigated fruit production has been proven to be...
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Prevention and control of parasitic helminths in dairy cattle: key issues and challenges
Parasitic helminth infections are one of the most important causes of production loss in livestock worldwide. Grazing dairy cattle are exposed to various worm species, all of which can affect health, welfare and productivity to varying degrees. For several decades, helminth control relied primari...
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Life cycle analysis and the carbon footprint of coffee value chains
This chapter presents concepts and tools around the life cycle assessment (LCA) and carbon footprint (CFP) with their applications to the coffee value chain. Coffee is characterised by a particularly complex value chain with multiple actors involved along every step, from production to consumers....
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Advances in understanding the dynamics of weed communities in integrated weed management systems
The shift towards integrated weed management necessitated by the negative unintended consequences of over-reliance on herbicides is a significant challenge for predicting the dynamics of weed communities. In response to this challenge, the novel approach of applying trait-based methodologies to w...
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Dietary fibers in the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus
This chapter reviews how dietary fibers can be used to prevent Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Dietary fibers are a heterogenous group of food compounds. The physicochemical properties of dietary fibers determine their effects on gastrointestinal and metabolic health, including effect on gastro-intesti...
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