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Genetic variation in immunity and disease resistance in dairy cows and other livestock
For most diseases of economic importance in livestock, resistance can be considered to be a complex or quantitative trait with limited evidence of negative correlations with resistance to other diseases. Attention to such traits allows the selection of healthier and more productive animals. This ...
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Achieving sustainable production of milk volume 1
This book provides a detailed review of current research on key components and quality traits of milk as well as ways of measuring milk quality. It then discusses genetic factors affecting these traits and how they can be used to improve breeding of dairy cows.
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Using genetic selection in the breeding of dairy cattle
There has been a huge increase in the productivity of dairy cows over the last half a century, with the yield per cow more than doubling. This is substantially due to the use of genetic selection in dairy cattle breeding programmes. In this chapter, we review the use of artificial insemination (A...
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Managing sustainable food safety on dairy farms
Within the dairy food chain, the production of milk is the first phase in a series of steps resulting in dairy food products ready to be consumed. At farm level, it is critical to ensure that good management practices minimize the risk of contamination in order to reach a level of risk acceptable...
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Prevention and control of parasitic helminths in dairy cattle: key issues and challenges
Parasitic helminth infections are one of the most important causes of production loss in livestock worldwide. Grazing dairy cattle are exposed to various worm species, all of which can affect health, welfare and productivity to varying degrees. For several decades, helminth control relied primari...
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Instant insights: reducing antibiotic use in dairy production
This collection features three peer-reviewed literature reviews on reducing antibiotic use in dairy production.
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Causes, prevention and management of infertility in dairy cows
Reproduction and fertility are central components to successful dairy enterprises, and an appropriate management and understanding of the physiological events needed for fertility is crucial to sustainable dairy farming. This chapter discusses the physiology of the main impediments to fertility a...
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‘towards’ sustainability of dairy farming: an overview
There are many challenges to be faced in making dairy farming sustainable for feeding 9–10 billion people by 2050. This chapter defines what sustainability may mean for the dairy industry and assesses the current sustainability of dairy farming today, before going on to consider visions for a sus...
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Understanding the behaviour of dairy cattle
In recent years, I have developed the necessary tools to gain a thorough understanding of cow behaviour in intensive management systems. This improved understanding can facilitate the design of new, sustainable management systems, which promote cattle welfare. In this chapter, I provide an overvi...
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Minimising the development of antimicrobial resistance on dairy farms: appropriate use of antibiotics for the treatment of mastitis
Mastitis is the most prevalent bacterial disease among dairy cows, and the majority of antimicrobials given to dairy cows are for the prevention or treatment of this disease. Thus, a thorough understanding of mastitis is necessary when considering the appropriate use of antibiotics. After reviewi...
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Preventing and managing lameness in dairy cows
Lameness in dairy cows is a major economic and welfare problem worldwide. Despite its importance there are still significant gaps in the published evidence-base, particularly on the subject of disease pathogenesis, treatment and herd interventions. None-the-less, using a systematic approach invol...
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Ensuring the health and welfare of dairy calves and heifers
Pre-weaning morbidity and mortality rates in dairy calves remain a challenge for dairy producers worldwide. Health challenges, along with housing and management, all have an impact on calf productivity and welfare. This chapter will review strategies for managing calving, improving calf vitality,...
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Chemical contaminants in milk
Developments in analytical technology now allow the identification of some contaminants in milk that were not previously considered. It is critically important that mechanisms are devised to eliminate or reduce these contaminants below the maximum limit allowed by food safety regulations. Thus, t...
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Improved energy and water management to minimize the environmental impact of dairy farming
As demand for animal products such as milk increases, the livestock sector places increasing demands on already scarce resources such as land, water and fossil fuels, while also contributing to environmental problems such as climate change. In this chapter, we consider how dairy farms can manage ...
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Control of infectious diseases in dairy cattle
This chapter describes the developments to control infectious diseases in the dairy cattle industry, and outlines recent research in this area. A risk analysis approach is presented as a framework for managing infectious diseases at global and farm level. Disease hazards, and the release and expo...
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Mastitis, milk quality and yield
Mastitis is one of the most economically important diseases in dairy production and it is defined as an inflammation of the mammary gland. This chapter examines the impact of clinical and subclinical mastitis in cows on milk quality, and provides a detailed account of indicators of mastitis. In a...
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Nutrition management of grazing dairy cows in temperate environments
Temperate grass-legume mixes (i.e. pasture) are nutritionally well-balanced and can sustain moderate levels of milk production in dairy cattle. However, pasture is perishable, and if not consumed by cow, it is wasted and the feed quality of the re-growth declines. Moreover, increased use of suppl...
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Bioactive components in cow’s milk
Milk contains many bioactive compounds with health benefits beyond simple nutrition. This chapter provides a comprehensive review of bioactives in milk and research on their nutraceutical properties. These include bioactive proteins such as caseins, whey proteins such as α-lactalbumin and β-lacto...
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Key issues in the welfare of dairy cattle
Concerns about dairy cattle welfare are widespread. Cattle welfare is influenced by various circumstances and conditions, which are related to and dependent on each other. Confinement, restricted movements, high milk yield, disrupted social structures, painful and frightening management procedure...
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Genetic selection for dairy cow welfare and resilience to climate change
Narrow breeding goals focused on milk production traits have been detrimental to the reproductive performance and health of dairy cattle. There is, therefore, a need to develop breeding strategies that balances both production and non-production traits. In this chapter, we discuss the principles ...
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Disorder of digestion and metabolism in dairy cattle: the case of subacute rumen acidosis
Excessive fermentation in the rumen as a result of energy-rich diets decreases ruminal pH and leads to a digestive disorder called ruminal acidosis. This chapter examines one kind of acidosis, subacute rumen acidosis (SARA), and includes a detailed case study on SARA risk in the post-partum phase...
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Sustainable nutrition management of dairy cattle in intensive systems
When measuring the sustainability of a dairy farm, one should take into account its technical and economic performance, its stewardship of natural resources, and the norms and policies of the society in which the farm operates. This means that managing dairy herd nutrition depends not only on mee...
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Understanding and preventing spoilage of cow’s milk
Milk spoilage is essentially a result of inadequate control of the growth of microorganisms, combined with the activity of enzymes which have found their way into milk from production and processing environments. Microorganisms have developed strategies to survive and thrive in cold (psychrotroph...
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The rumen microbiota and its role in dairy cow production and health
Ruminants have a complex microbial community inhabiting their gastrointestinal tract. In particular, rumen microbiota converts lignocellulose material to nutrients and energy, which dictate to the animal’s performance through a host–microbe symbiotic relationship. Owing to their significant role ...
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Feed supplements for dairy cattle
The manipulation of rumen fermentation to maximize the efficiency of feed utilization and increase ruminant productivity is of great commercial interest. This chapter reviews the beneficial effects sought through manipulating rumen fermentation in dairy cattle. It then considers a wide variety o...
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Responsible and sustainable use of medicines in dairy herd health
As well as having a moral obligation to safeguard animal health and welfare, veterinarians and dairy producers also have One Health responsibilities to protect human health and the environment from the risk of antimicrobial resistance and the food chain from medicine residues. This chapter descri...
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Biochemical and physiological determinants of feed efficiency in dairy cattle
The energetic, physiological or metabolic efficiency of an animal depends on various factors, including the ingredients and physical form of the animal’s diet; the bacterial population in their digestive tract; and the interactions between their hormones, receptors, organs and metabolism patterns...
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Management of dairy cows in transition and at calving
Most of the clinical disease events in a dairy cow’s life occur during the transition period, defined as the period three weeks before and after calving. It is believed that almost all cows experience some immune dysfunction during the peripartum period, and that this combined with nutritional di...
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Dairy herd health management: an overview
The importance of ensuring animal welfare and food security, of combating antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and of increasing food production, all contribute to the need for preventative medicine. Herd health management (HHM) involves the delivery of a more coordinated approach, where management int...
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Assessing the overall impact of the dairy sector
Dairy is the number one agricultural commodity by value, provides livelihoods for 1 billion people and is key to enriching diets the world over. Yet, global consumption of dairy falls short of national dietary guidelines. Increasing dairy consumption to match dietary guidelines could save billion...
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Detecting and preventing contamination of dairy cattle feed
Dairy feed has direct and indirect impacts on the safety of milk and milk products; feed also has implications for animal health and welfare, and the profitability of the dairy sector. This chapter starts with a brief outline of the role of feed in dairy cattle diets, emphasizing the common hazar...
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The impact of improving feed efficiency on the environmental impact of livestock production
This chapter examines the impact of improving feed efficiency on the environmental impact of livestock production. It starts by discussing the relation between greenhouse gases and dairy production, highlighting how important it is to the dairy sector to find ways of decreasing greenhouse gas out...
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Sustainable nitrogen management for housed livestock, manure storage and manure processing
This chapter reviews sustainable nitrogen management for housed livestock, manure storage and manure processing. The chapter begins by discussing the various forms nitrogen can take, focusing specifically on ammonia, nitrous oxide and di-nitrogen. It then goes on to review livestock feeding and h...
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Modifying the rumen environment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
Ruminants were among the first domesticated animals and have been providing food, leather, wool, draft and by-products to humanity for at least 10,000 years. However, rumen methanogens reduce CO2 to CH4 in association with other rumen microbes that generate substrates for methanogenesis. Conseque...
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Achieving sustainable production of milk volume 2
Safety remains a key issue for the dairy industry. This book reviews current research on understanding and managing pathogens in dairy farms. It also discusses more recent concerns about the environmental impact of dairy farming and ways it can be made more sustainable, including in developing co...
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Achieving sustainable production of milk volume 3
Animal health and welfare are of major importance in dairy farming. This collection looks at the key issues affecting dairy herd welfare as well as ways of optimising dairy cattle nutrition. It also reviews ways of detecting, preventing and managing diseases affecting dairy cattle.
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Aetiology, diagnosis and control of mastitis in dairy herds
Mastitis is one of the most economically important diseases in dairy production. Associated costs include treatment, culling, death and decreased milk production, and cow welfare is also compromised. This chapter reviews the indicators of mastitis and the contagious and environmental pathogens wh...
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The use of plant bioactive compounds to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from farmed ruminants
This chapter focuses on the opportunity to use plant bioactive compounds in ruminant diets for their potential to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, particularly enteric methane. Nitrous oxide emissions related to urinary nitrogen waste are addressed when information is available. The main famili...
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The use of feed supplements to reduce livestock greenhouse gas emissions: direct-fed microbials
This chapter aims to outline the strategy of using feed supplements for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) in ruminants, including methane (CH4), carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide, given that feed intake is an important variable in predicting these emissions. Focus will be given to d...
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Measuring methane emissions from livestock
This chapter looks at the key techniques used for measurement of CH4 and other gas emissions from livestock production, ranging from individual animal measurements to herd scale measurements for grazing animals and whole farm emissions such as feedlots. Individual animal measurement techniques di...
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Quantifying the contribution of livestock health issues to the environmental impact of their production systems
The focus of this chapter is on the environmental impact consequences of endemic livestock health challenges that lead to deterioration in animal health, and on the potential impacts arising from their mitigations. The first part of the chapter concentrates on the potential of animal health to af...
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Developments in anaerobic digestion to optimize the use of livestock manure
The purpose of this chapter is to discuss developments in anaerobic digestion (AD) to optimize use of livestock manure, particularly the use of livestock manure in the production of biogas. It also discusses the use of biogas slurry and residues. The chapter shows the how AD can play an important...
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Improving grassland/forage quality and management to reduce livestock greenhouse gas emissions
This chapter reviews grazing management strategies that can contribute to reducing livestock greenhouse gas emissions. Strategies discussed include grazing season length and timing as well as sward structure and quality, including dry matter and clover content. The chapter also discusses the use ...
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Balancing oil palm cultivation with forest and biodiversity conservation
With the formation of the Roundtable for Sustainable Palm Oil, environmentalists and consumers anticipated a decrease in the indiscriminate destruction of tropical rainforests. Ten years later, thousands of hectares of tropical rainforests continue to be cleared for oil palm plantations in the tr...
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A functional approach to bunch formation in banana
Sustainable management of bananas requires knowledge of development, especially the pivotal processes of bunch formation. This chapter presents a functional analysis of the formation of the inflorescence up to flowering (bunch emergence), emphasising interaction of the plant with the environment....
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Bio-ecology of major insect and mite pests of tomato crops in the tropics
In tropical climates, tomato production is severely constrained by insect and mite pests. The use of broad-spectrum chemical pesticides can make this problem worse, since it can eliminate the natural enemies of these pests. Changes in cropping system and the impacts of a warming climate can also ...
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Organic greenhouse tomato production
Organic greenhouse tomato cultivation is expanding rapidly to meet consumer demand. This production system endeavours to minimize system inputs and adverse environmental impacts through sustainable water and waste management, limited fossil energy use, nutrient-balanced approaches, and mechanical...
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Advances in understanding pathogens contaminating horticultural produce
There is an overall trend in most of the developed countries that confirms the rise in the number of microbial contamination outbreaks associated with fresh products. Major contributing factors are global consumer demand, increasing worldwide trade and the development of new molecular tools that ...
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Advances in controlled atmosphere storage of horticultural produce
This chapter highlights advances in controlled atmosphere (CA) storage science of horticultural crops (mainly apples and pears) over the last two decade, emphasizing the connection between technical/managerial aspects of the CA regime and retention of product quality during and after the storage ...
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The economics of apple production
Economic prosperity is essential to guarantee sustainability, and this chapter provides a cost analysis of apple production worldwide, including classification of production cost studies, an exploration of different cost study approaches and categories included in cost-of-production studies. The ...
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Advances in modified atmosphere and active packaging of horticultural produce
The science and technology of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP), continues to expand not only within the industry but also in terms of the technologies that are becoming available. MAP has transitioned from a standalone technology to a platform where unique science and technologies can be incor...
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Post-harvest risk management of biological hazards encountered in horticultural produce
Fresh produce remains the main cause of foodborne illness outbreaks implicating a diverse range of enteric pathogens. The primary source of pathogens is pre-harvest contamination, which then become disseminated during processing. This chapter provides an overview of fresh produce related foodborn...
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Advances in cooling technologies to preserve horticultural produce
Fruit and vegetables are living organisms that continue to respire after harvest, deteriorating over time, in a process known as senescence. Although it is impossible to halt senescence, removing the field-heat, and reducing the temperature of the product at the time of harvest, has substantial e...
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Innovations in apple tree cultivation to manage crop load and ripening
This chapter is a summary of recent innovation in orchard training system design, pruning technique, thinning, plant growth regulators and fruit finishing, with the specific goal of identifying more sustainable practice. New training systems like the ‘bi-axis’ are described as well as pruning tec...
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Sustainable arthropod management for apples
Management of apple pests is a necessary and challenging part of crop production. Cosmetic and phytosanitary standards entail management of key pests to very low levels which are biologically difficult to sustain. This chapter begins by covering key pests. Such pests drive integrated pest manag...
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Advances in pest- and disease-resistant apple varieties
Disease and pest-resistant cultivars can significantly contribute to sustainable and resilient cultivation of apples. In this chapter, we review the development of apples that are resistant to a number of important diseases, including apple scab, powdery mildew, fire blight, nectria canker and Ma...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of mangoes
Mangoes are grown widely across Asia, Africa, the Americas and Southern Europe. This volume summarises the wealth of recent research on enhancing mango cultivation. Topics include developments in understanding mango genetics and breeding as well as cultivation, pest and disease management.
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Developing disease-resistant tomato varieties
Tomato is known to be afflicted by at least 200 different disease-causing organisms from most major pathogen classes – bacteria, fungi (including Oomycota), viruses and nematodes. Despite decades of conventional breeding and selection, there are still a large number of diseases caused by these pa...
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Genetic resistance to viruses in tomato
The cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) constitutes a major agricultural industry: it is grown worldwide and, in terms of vegetable crop production, is only second to potato. Tomato plants show a wide climatic tolerance and are grown in both tropical and temperate regions around the world...
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Integrated pest management in tomato cultivation
Pests and diseases contribute to about 40% of tomato yield loss in the field worldwide. This chapter will focus on how to combat pests and diseases using integrated pest management (IPM). The development of an IPM package for tomato involves the combination of multiple management strategies to ad...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of tomatoes
This book reviews key developments in tomato breeding, including developing improved varieties with desirable traits such as drought or pest resistance. It also discusses ways of improving cultivation techniques as well as pests, diseases and their control.
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Assessing the environmental impact and sustainability of apple cultivation
The environmental impact of apple production is determined by regional enviro-pedo-climatic features and socio-political factors, but can also be managed through cultivation practices and inputs. Pesticides typically have the greatest environmental impact, but energy use from operating machinery ...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of bananas volume 1
Bananas are the world’s most popular fruit and the fourth most important crop in the developing world after rice, wheat and maize. The volume reviews current production around the world and how developments in cultivation practice can be used to improve yields sustainably.
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Challenges and opportunities for smallholders in banana value chains
Bananas and plantains play a major role in terms of global food security and household incomes in banana-producing countries. Banana production and yields are affected by a variety of factors, including availability of labour, soil degradation, access to clean planting material, management of pes...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of tree nuts
This collection reviews the wealth of research addressing key issues facing the cultivation of tree nuts. Part 1 discusses the health benefits of tree nuts. Part 2 addresses safety issues. The remaining parts assess advances in breeding, cultivation and the management of pests and diseases.
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Advances and challenges in strawberry genetic improvement
The commercial strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) is a popular temperate fruit that is both nutritious and widely appreciated for flavour. The purpose of this chapter is to highlight some of the newest innovations in strawberry production with particular emphasis on genetic improvement of the crop....
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Optimizing precision in orchard irrigation and nutrient management
Precise water and nutrient management in fruit production systems has become a key area of study over recent years, not only due to the changing climate but also due to increased demand for fruit from a growing population as part of a healthy diet. Irrigated fruit production has been proven to be...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of temperate zone tree fruits and berries volume 1
Volume 1 in this collection summarises the wealth of research addressing the challenges facing temperate fruit cultivation, from breeding improved varieties to better crop management and protection methods
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Optimizing production of quality nursery plants for fruit tree cultivation
It is now possible to purchase specific nursery tree types that are more compatible with an intended training system, improving planting efficiency and encouraging early production. Although single axis, well-feathered scions suitable for high-density spindle training systems have dominated nurse...
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Strawberries: a case study of how evolving market expectations impact sustainability
The strawberry industry is facing the reality that it has been built on an unsustainable foundation. with dependencies on fumigation, plastic, pesticides, fertilizers, diminishing groundwater, undocumented labour and fuel for transportation. This chapter offers a case study of the impact of that...
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Advances and challenges in raspberry and blackberry breeding
Raspberries and blackberries (Rubus spp.) are important fruit crops that have gained substantial economic interest. Since 1996, berry production has been increasing. With the advent of economic and environmental constraints, sustainability is also becoming increasingly important. This chapter foc...
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Understanding and improving water-use efficiency and drought resistance in tomato
The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is both a well-established genetic model for plant biology and a horticultural cash crop of increasing importance to human nutrition. Tomato is mainly cultivated under irrigated conditions, so water use is of considerable significance for healthy plant growth ...
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Sustainable sweet cherry cultivation: a case study for designing optimized orchard production systems
Sweet cherries are an inherently challenging crop to produce sustainably, subject to crop loss from climatic events, birds, insects, and diseases, and requiring extensive manual labor due to large tree canopies and small delicate fruits. Nevertheless, cherry production has increased dramatically ...
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Advances and challenges in sustainable apple cultivation
Developing sustainable apple cultivation is based on both a better knowledge of tree architecture and physiology in relation to fruiting, and on how the tree interacts with its abiotic and biotic environments. Improving knowledge in these domains is crucial to take into account the societal deman...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of temperate zone tree fruits and berries volume 2
The second volume in this collection reviews advances in breeding and cultivation of key stone fruits (peach, cherry, plum and apricot), pome fruits (pear and apple), and berry fruits (strawberry, raspberry, blackberry and blueberry).
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Advances and challenges in apple breeding
Breeding new apple varieties is a costly and time-consuming endeavour, often selecting for consumer-preference traits at the expense of other traits of agronomic importance. However, combining both sustainable cultivation with market acceptability is a goal that if achieved would benefit growers,...
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Advances and challenges in peach breeding
Peaches are found in diverse climates and growing regions, plus its relatively short juvenile period, self-pollinated fruitfulness, small genome size and important identified Mendelian traits have made peach a model fruit for breeding and genetics research. This chapter reviews the moderate chill...
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Advances in marker-assisted breeding of apples
Breeding and selecting new improved cultivars by exploiting natural genetic diversity is an essential route forward in ensuring sustained and sustainable apple production. There can be no doubt that breeders have an expanding set of tools at their disposal to achieve these goals with the advent o...
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Understanding and improving the shelf life of tomatoes
The shelf life of tomatoes is regulated via a myriad of physiological, biochemical and environmental processes. Tomato, a climacteric fruit, undergoes increases in respiration and ethylene production at the onset of ripening; once the ripening process is initiated it cannot be reversed. Ripening ...
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Optimizing fruit production efficiencies through mechanization
Many technological advances in farming have been adopted over the last century transforming various operations. However, some processes in fruit and vegetable production such as tree fruit and berry harvesting have not changed, and crops such as apples, cherries, peaches, blueberries, and strawbe...
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Advances and challenges in blueberry breeding
Efforts have steadily increased towards understanding the biological processes underlying key physiological traits in blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum). Studies have shown high levels of genetic diversity are present within this species, much of which remains to be harnessed. This chapter introduc...
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Advances in marker-assisted breeding of tomatoes
Tomato is one of the most important vegetable crops in the world. This chapter describes the process of marker development and how this can be used to improve tomato breeding. The chapter discusses the techniques of marker-assisted selection (MAS) and genomic selection (GS) to identify and exploi...
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Advances and challenges in sustainable raspberry/blackberry cultivation
Rubus crops are important for human health and for employment in rural communities. As demand for these berry crops increases at a time of changing climate and consumer awareness of real and/or perceived risks associated with traditional growing practices including inputs, new breeding strategies...
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Advances in fruit genetics
Sustainability of fruit production worldwide is heavily dependent on advances in fruit genetics. Changing environments, innovative production systems, increased pest and pathogen pressure and fluctuating consumer preferences are forcing fruit producers to adjust at a higher pace than ever before....
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Advances in understanding reproductive development in fruit-bearing plants
In recent years, a physiological understanding of the reproductive development process in fruit trees has accumulated through numerous molecular and genetic studies. Although the physiological traits of perennial or woody fruit trees often hinder studies of the mechanisms driving their reproducti...
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Optimizing disease management in fruit cultivation
Sustainable management of plant diseases is a perennial challenge for pome fruit and stone fruit producers in humid regions throughout the world. Delayed orchard profitability, decreased orchard longevity, reduction in fruit quality and unsalable fruit caused by fungal and bacterial diseases of t...
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Advances and challenges in cherry breeding
Cherry breeding is currently carried out in many countries, by public and private programmes, and sweet cherry cultivars are continuously being released. However, classification into clear-cut groups of existing cultivars is difficult, because there is a vast continuum of morphological diversity ...
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Optimizing plant growth, yield and fruit quality with plant bioregulators
Plant bioregulators (PBRs) are used extensively in the tree fruit production industry. They influence many processes in a plant including shoot growth, branch angle, bud break, flower bud formation and fruit abscission, ripening, shape and finish, and as such can be used to optimize not only plan...
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Ensuring the genetic diversity of tomatoes
This book chapter describes key issues regarding genetic diversity of tomatoes, including taxonomy and mating system. Figures on global ex situ conservation of tomato germplasm are provided and the world’s largest collection in the public domain, held by AVRDC – The World Vegetable Center, is des...
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Advances in understanding apple fruit development
Understanding the ways in which apples grow and develop is crucial for achieving sustainable apple cultivation, which means a regulated crop of apples that provides as high a yield as possible of desired quality while allowing the development of a good and consistent return bloom and cropping in ...
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Evaluating and improving rootstocks for apple cultivation
The foundations of a productive and healthy orchard are the rootstocks that provide anchorage, water and nutrients essential to the above-ground portions of the trees. Utilization of composite trees has increased the efficiency of breeding productive apple trees by dividing the selection of scion...
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Mechanization and automation for apple
Sustaining large-scale commercial apple production depends on the availability of a large, seasonal and suitably skilled workforce. The costs and associated risks are dependent on human labor as well as overall productivity which could be reduced by improved mechanization of apple production oper...
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