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Improving the environmental performance of pig and poultry production
Currently, pork and chicken account for nearly three-fourths of global meat consumption. With increasing concern for the environmental impacts associated with human activity, and due to the magnitude of the pork and poultry sectors, there is mounting pressure to meet the growing demand for these ...
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Closed plant production systems in vertical farms for a circular economy
The reuse, recycling and control of emissions from large-scale food waste in urban areas have gained increased attention in recent years. Developing efficient food production systems with a low environmental impact is an important issue in facility-based plant production systems, such as plant fa...
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Developing new cassava varieties: tools, techniques and strategies
The significance of cassava as a crop in tropical countries means that developing improved varieties is key to the sustainability of cassava production. This chapter examines how understanding the utilization of cassava can inform breeding objectives for developing improved varieties of cassava. ...
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Improving welfare in poultry slaughter
Poultry production involves the killing of very large numbers of birds so there is a compelling need to protect welfare at slaughter. In most countries, slaughter must be preceded by stunning to induce unconsciousness. The major stunning approaches used in chicken slaughter are electrical stunnin...
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Instant insights: sustainable forest management
This collection features five peer-reviewed literature reviews on sustainable forest management.
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Good agronomic practices in cocoa cultivation: rehabilitating cocoa farms
Cocoa cultivation covers a total area of about 5.9 million ha worldwide with around 73% of this area found in the four large cocoa-producing countries in West Africa namely Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana and Nigeria. Adoption of good agronomic practices is crucial for the sustainability of cocoa ...
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The rumen as a modulator of immune function in cattle
The rumen and its microbiome play essential roles in supplying key nutrients, such as energy, protein, minerals and vitamins, to the host and also shapes the cow’s immune system. Rumen health disorders, such as subacute ruminal acidosis, cause ruminal dysbiosis provoking epithelial barrier dysfun...
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Strengthening public-sector extension systems for smallholder farmers in kenya
This chapter discusses key issues and challenges in public extension services for smallholders and how challenges have been addressed. The discussion is made with particular reference to experiences in disseminating Conservation Agriculture-based technologies and practices generated from the Sust...
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Advances in understanding pre-harvest apple fruit development
Fruit growth is a complex mechanism linking biochemical and biophysical processes promoting water and dry matter uptake in fruit tissues. This chapter describes growth mechanisms in apple fruit at different phenological stages and relates phases to key physiological parameters for fruit growth, i...
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Contaminants in agricultural soils
This book reviews current research on the key types of contaminants in agricultural soils, including heavy metals, antibiotic and pesticide residues, as well as recent advances in bioremediation and phytoremediation techniques to manage these contaminants.
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The response of forest trees to abiotic stress
Trees, as long-living organisms, have to face varying growing conditions during their lifetime. This chapter introduces abiotic stress in trees, considering its interaction with biotic stress and examining the links between environmental dynamics and changes in stress. This chapter addresses the ...
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Assessing the environmental impact of greenhouse cultivation
This chapter aims to address the environmental aspects of greenhouse cultivation, it covers the methodology used to perform an environmental assessment and provides information regarding damaging and beneficial environmental aspects, as well as suggestions to improve environmental quantification ...
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Variable-rate seeding systems for precision agriculture
Variable-rate seeding (VRS) is the practice of adjusting the seeding rate or amount across a field in order to maximize yield and profit. This method of precision agriculture relies on site-specific data such as soil type, landscape position and yield maps. In the last decade, adoption of this me...
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Genetic improvement of sugarcane by transgenic, intragenic and genome editing technologies
The grand social, economic and environmental challenges of the twenty-first century are demanding the acceleration of the genetic improvement of sugarcane to sustainably produce sugar and biofuel and to support the emerging bio-based economy. This chapter focuses on the contributions and future p...
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The use of exogenous enzymes as dietary supplements in dairy cow nutrition
This chapter summarises the effects of supplementing exogenous enzymes on improving efficiency of nutrient utilization in dairy cows by reviewing the research on enzyme selection, animal responses to feed enzymes, and the mechanisms of improving nutrient utilization. Exogenous fibrolytic enzymes,...
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Improving production and utilization of sorghum in asia
Sorghum was once a major crop in dry regions. However, its production area has decreased drastically, especially in Asia. In order to revitalize sorghum production, we must reorient sorghum research in the contexts of present and future demands, and resolve specific production constraints, thereb...
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Practice and benefits of conservation agriculture systems
This chapter discusses Conservation Agriculture as a basis for sustainable soil, land and natural resource management and production intensification. It reviews the process of transforming conventional systems into Conservation Agriculture systems and provides an overview of the main practices an...
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Advances in assessing nutrient availability in soils
Plants depend on sufficient and timely soil availability of 14 essential nutrients. In order to achieve sustainable and resource-efficient plant production with high yields and minimal environmental impact, soil analyses aimed at assessing nutrient availability should be considered an important a...
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Multi-feedstock biorefineries for converting agricultural wastes and microalgae into co-products
This chapter reviews developments in the types, processing and use of biomass to develop a range of co-products. It begins by assessing availability of biomass feedstock from agricultural sources. It then reviews the range of biological and thermochemical biomass conversion processes together wit...
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Optimizing the use of treated wastes in crop nutrition
Environmental concerns and depleting phosphorus reserves have led to intensified research efforts to close nutrient cycles by recycling of nutrient-rich human wastes in the last decade. Treated wastes for crop nutrition need to contain plant-available nutrients and be free of, or at least low in,...
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Development of dairy breeding programmes
Genomic selection has revolutionized dairy cattle breeding programs. Young bulls can be selected at a young age without progeny testing at a much lower cost than previously. This reduction in generation interval makes it possible to double genetic trend. This chapter explains the context of dairy...
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Understanding resistance to succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fungicides
The Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitor (SDHI, Carboxamide, Group 7) compounds represent the fastest growing fungicide class. The spectrum of activity of SDHIs encompasses Ascomycete, Basidiomycete, and Deuteromycete pathogens on a wide variety of hosts. SDHIs are a structurally diverse class, curr...
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Producing biogas from livestock manure and agricultural biomass
Climate change has driven the European Commission to set a strategy towards a climate-neutral Europe by 2050. There is a need to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In the case of the agricultural sector, biogas production can replace fossil-based energy sources and reduce methane emissions re...
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Maintaining the safety and quality of beef carcass meat
Contamination of animal carcasses during slaughtering procedures is undesirable, but unavoidable in the conversion of live animals to meat for consumption. Internal muscle tissues are essentially sterile, and most initial contamination of red meat carcasses is contributed by the hide during remov...
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Smart farms
This collection reviews recent advances in processing and analysing data to provide actionable outcomes for farmers to be able to achieve a more sustainable agriculture and reduce the sector’s contribution to climate change.
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Breeding strategies to improve rice yields: an overview
This chapter examines three different major strategies designed to break the ‘yield barrier’ so that rice production keeps up with population growth: new ideotype breeding, heterosis and green super rice. The chapter shows that exploring the genetic diversity of wild Oryza species may lead to ide...
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Advances in understanding the role of forests in the carbon cycle
The recognition that increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide are warming the global climate has led to forests being viewed as potential natural ways to reduce carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere. Forests’ complex interactions with local and global climates, however, make predi...
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Understanding consumer attitudes to organic food: using profile deviation analysis for consumer benchmarking
The purpose of this chapter is to examine to what extent misalignment with an organic food consumer benchmark profile affects two key consumer performance indicators: consumer satisfaction and loyalty. The chapter performs a profile deviation analysis on a cross-sectional sample of 1011 Australia...
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Pastoralism and organic animal farming: are they complementary?
A general absence of reliance on purchased inputs as well as a focus on natural pastures and free-ranging animals prompts comparison between pastoralism and organic farming. Pastoralism frequently occurs in the marginal lands that can be found where humans and herds of domesticated animals living...
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Disease management in poultry flocks
Diseases in intensive poultry flocks may occur due to viral, bacterial, fungal, protozoal, metazoan or arthropod infections or infestations. This chapter describes disease preventative measures, health monitoring and disease investigation techniques, and the management of sick meat chicken flocks...
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Advances in cold-tolerant maize varieties
Maize, a thermophilic plant species, originates from subtropical highlands. Maize cultivation, however, has spread to temperate regions of the world that experience low temperatures during the early development of the plants. Maize genotypes that are cultivated in cooler climates need to have a s...
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Genetic selection for dairy cow welfare and resilience to climate change
Narrow breeding goals focused on milk production traits have been detrimental to the reproductive performance and health of dairy cattle. There is, therefore, a need to develop breeding strategies that balances both production and non-production traits. In this chapter, we discuss the principles ...
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Advances in understanding fruit tree growth
Owing to the importance of photosynthesis to the efficient functioning of plants as solar energy collectors, scientists have been intensively studying the process of photosynthesis for more than 100 years, with the hope of increasing its efficiency. There is substantial evidence that fruit trees ...
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Sweetpotato genetic resources: today and tomorrow
The sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) is the sixth most important food crop on a global scale. While China accounts for about 80% of global production, Nigeria, Uganda, Indonesia and Tanzania are also large producers of sweetpotato. The chapter examines the origin and dispersal of sweetpota...
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Advances in controlled environment agriculture
This book reviews current research on optimising different types of controlled environment agriculture system for more productive and resilient crop production.
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A conceptual approach to the mathematical modelling of microbial functionality in the rumen
This chapter discusses the concepts and the approaches taken with the quantification or mathematical modelling of rumen microbiota. The consequences from the perspective of mathematical modelling of microbial functionality at the whole rumen level are discussed as it is thought that models need t...
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Advances in conservation agriculture volume 1
By focussing on soil health, Conservation Agriculture (CA) is seen as more sustainable than conventional production. This volume summarises research on key components for successful CA including no-till techniques, soil cover and cropping systems as well as the role of livestock and agroforestry.
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Tools and technologies to reduce fossil energy use on dairy farms
With a growing demand for milk and dairy products coupled with concerns regarding greenhouse gas emissions, the sustainable use of on-farm energy resources is essential. Milk production requires electrical energy for powering plant equipment, liquid fuels for powering machinery, indirect energy f...
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Diseases affecting wheat: septoria tritici blotch
Septoria tritici blotch (STB) is one of the most common and economically important diseases of wheat worldwide. This chapter evaluates various methods of disease management, considering the key developments of recent decades, the major challenges encountered and the future trajectory of this work...
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Management of soil carbon sequestration in urban areas
As urbanisation continues to increase globally, there is increasing focus on urban soils, their potential for soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration as well as the broad range of other ecosystem services they can deliver. Urban soils are heterogeneous ranging from relic soils of ecosystems befor...
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Advances in carrot breeding
The carrot (Daucus carota L.) is an important temperate root crop that has undergone many years of breeding. This chapter first provides a background to the origin of this species, going on to describe the main types of cultivars. The large number of wild relatives of carrot are also discussed. S...
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The use of genome editing in poultry breeding
Genome editing technology permits the creation of precise changes to the genome of animal species. These changes can be as small as a single base pair change in a gene or can span several megabases of DNA. Genome editing has a potential role in animal breeding as it permits the rapid and selectiv...
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Assessing the economics of integrated pest management for horticultural crops
Integrated pest management (IPM) is the combination of cropping systems, practices, and pest control tactics to manage pest populations so that they do not cause economic harm to growers nor negative impacts on the environment. The strategies implemented by growers to achieve their goals (for exa...
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Instant insights: managing arthropod pests in cereals
This collection provides a detailed overview of the management strategies available for controlling arthropod pests in cereals, focussing primarily on pests affecting wheat and corn/maize production. Chapters explore the use of insect monitoring technologies as a means of managing future infestat...
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Advances in sheep production
While sheep production has an important place in many farming systems across the world, sheep products face an increasingly competitive market. In addition to traditional concerns about product quality, consumers are also increasingly motivated by issues such as livestock welfare, greenhouse gas ...
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Advanced testing, multiplication and release of new sorghum varieties
The release of a new sorghum variety or hybrid is the culmination of many years of breeding and evaluation. This chapter describes the hybrid advancement process, including ways of increasing the parent lines for hybrid production and the guidelines that must be followed to ensure high-quality se...
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Understanding soil organic carbon dynamics at larger scales
This chapter focuses on the effects of biotic and abiotic factors controlling soil organic carbon dynamics at continental to global scales. On the side of natural effects, it highlights processes that can control carbon inputs, turnover and stabilization in soils. On the side of anthropogenic eff...
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The origin, domestication and dispersal of bananas
The search for the origins of the edible bananas probably started soon after European explorers brought home stories about the wonderful fruit they had come across in Africa. Currently about 40 seeded species in the genus Musa have been recognised. This chapter describes the morphological and mol...
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