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Automated assessment of plant diseases and traits by sensors: how can digital technologies support smart farming and plant breeding?
Plant diseases pose a significant threat to agriculture. Precise and appropriately timed detection and identification of plant diseases is crucial for disease management, and for the selection of resistant and tolerant varieties. The detection of plant diseases by the human eye is dependent on th...
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Breeding for small-scale poultry farming
This chapter reviews the particular challenges of developing improved breeds of chicken for small-scale backyard poultry farming on which many smallholder families depend for a balanced diet and income. It reviews issues such as genetic resources for indigenous breeds, breeding strategies and the...
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Global positioning systems (gps) for agriculture: an overview
The essence of a global positioning system is the ability to define a location anywhere on Earth in terms of three coordinates. The calculation is performed in terms of Cartesian axes including one through the poles, but the result is transformed into local coordinates that include height. This c...
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Instant insights: developing a circular economy
This book provides a detailed overview of how a circular economy can be developed and achieved in agriculture. Chapters consider the importance of closing nutrient loops and the recirculation of materials in both protected and urban environments.
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Advances in understanding uptake and utilization of nitrogen in wheat
Wheat provides 20% of calories and protein consumed by humans. Cereals represent 56% of world fertilizer nitrogen (N) consumption and the wheat crop accounts for 18.2% of global use. Nitrogen fertilizer represents a significant cost for the grower and also has environmental impacts through N leac...
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Instant insights: sustainable tropical forest management
This book offers a unique insight into the recent research completed on achieving sustainable management of tropical forests. Chapters review the factors which determine tropical forests, the process of forest landscape restoration, as well as the interactions between forest ecosystems and the cl...
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The role of extension in fungicide resistance management
Extension specialists and agents have played an integral part in proactively relaying resistance management information to fruit producers – generally through face-to-face meetings, farm visits, phone calls, newsletter articles and a myriad of traditional venues. This chapter features three case ...
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Improving the environmental performance of horticultural production: fruits and vegetables
Horticultural crops (fruits and vegetables) are generally considered to have a relatively low environmental impact compared to other food types, yet there is huge diversity among crops and their impact. For fruit crops, the largest impacts occur at the farm level, most often related to machinery ...
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Advances in understanding and improving the nutraceutical properties of apples
The fruits of Malus domestica are consumed in their own right and also undergo industrial procedures to form different products such as juice, cider, and vinegar. Industrialization creates apple pomace, a residue that can be used for the generation of bioactives, adding value to the raw material,...
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Advances in understanding plant root growth regulators
Global food production needs to increase by more than 60% by 2050 while concurrently reducing fertiliser applications to crops to reduce greenhouse emissions, production costs and environmental pollution. This chapter explores the role of hormones on nitrogen and phosphate uptake and responses. I...
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Weeds affecting field crops and water bodies in sub-saharan africa
In sub-Saharan Africa, weeds are a serious challenge, undermining food security and economic development. Weeds interfere with various human activities. Despite the different classes of weeds based on habitat (terrestrial or aquatic), life cycle (annual or perennial) or morphology (dicots or mono...
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The scope and challenge of sustainable forestry
Forests have managed to sustain themselves for millennia, recovering, reorganizing or migrating in response to innumerable disruptions. Humans have always reaped the benefits of this natural ability of treed ecosystems to renew themselves. Overharvesting of wood for fuel and building materials, h...
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Modifying the rumen environment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
Ruminants were among the first domesticated animals and have been providing food, leather, wool, draft and by-products to humanity for at least 10,000 years. However, rumen methanogens reduce CO2 to CH4 in association with other rumen microbes that generate substrates for methanogenesis. Conseque...
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Intellectual property rights in agriculture: ethical issues
The expansion of intellectual property rights, particularly utility patents, in United States (US) agriculture over the past 50 years is grounded in two social phenomena. The first is the development and application of agricultural biotechnologies. The second is the development of the knowledge e...
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Integrated weed management in sugarcane cultivation
Weeds reduce sugarcane yield by competing for water, nutrients and light. They may also act as alternative hosts for disease and insect pests and increase production costs and lower land value. Implementation of integrated weed management (IWM) in sugarcane is essential to reduce the negative imp...
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Wheat pests: introduction, rodents and nematodes
Three major groups of organisms cause biotic stress in wheat: pests, diseases and weeds. This chapter and the chapter that follows are about wheat pests. Three major pest taxa affect wheat: rodents, nematodes and arthropods. Rodents and nematodes are introduced in this first chapter, along with u...
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Instant insights: developing forestry products
This collection features five peer-reviewed literature reviews on developing forestry products.
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Key challenges in modelling of agricultural activities and their environmental impact
Modelling agricultural activities gives insight into the environmental impact of current practices. Furthermore, modelling allows testing the effect of mitigation strategies or management changes and supports decision making towards environmentally friendlier products. Model quality depends on ac...
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Nutraceutical potential of glucosinolates
Glucosinolates (GLs) are secondary metabolites of plants that are primarily synthesized in the Brassica genus. They are classified into three categories: aliphatics, aromatics or indoles. Isothiocyanates are organosulfur compounds which are typically formed by the enzymatic conversion of indole G...
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Advances in marker-assisted breeding of soybeans
This chapter reviews key developments in marker-assisted breeding of soybean. It begins by discussing types of molecular markers such as simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs). It then discusses marker assays and genotyping platforms for marker-assisted selection...
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Harnessing genetic and genomic resources to transform the production and productivity of sorghum
Despite sorghum’s inherent yield potential, its remarkable adaptation to marginal environments and its extensive use in various food applications by smallholders in developing countries, sorghum has never received the attention it deserves and thus its productivity has remained low. This chapter ...
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Achieving sustainable crop nutrition
This collection reviews current research on understanding nutrient cycles, the ways crops process nutrients, the environmental effects of fertilizer use and how this understanding can be used to improve nutrient use efficiency for a more resource-efficient and climate-smart agriculture.
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Modeling the effects of climate change on agriculture: a focus on cropping systems
Crop models are powerful tools to explore agricultural impacts and adaptation to climate change. They are extensively used to predict the effect of climate change on agriculture. In this chapter, the authors review how crop models take into consideration climate variables and how they are used fo...
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Modeling soil organic carbon dynamics, carbon sequestration and the climate benefit of sequestration
Mathematical models are essential for integrating different processes that control rates of soil carbon dynamics and for assessing carbon sequestration and the related climate benefits. Many models have been proposed in the literature, with no overall consensus on the best model that can provide ...
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Effects of crop rotations and intercropping on soil health
There has been an increasing interest in evaluating the health of soil resources motivated by the growing cognizance that soil is a critically important component of the earth’s biosphere, playing an important functional role not only in producing food and fibre, but also in maintaining ecosystem...
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Managing the soil biological community to improve soil health and reduce losses from nematode pests
Plant-parasitic nematodes commonly cause yield losses of 10 to 20% in sugarcane, largely because varieties with resistance to key pests such as Pratylenchus and Meloidogyne are unavailable, rotation crops provide only temporary control and nematicides are prohibitively expensive. Given the inadeq...
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Advances in understanding the nitrogen cycle in crop production
Nitrogen is the element that is taken up from the soil by plants in the largest amounts, so understanding the worldwide nitrogen cycle is imperative if we are to make agriculture more sustainable. This chapter discusses current research into the stages of the nitrogen cycle giving rise to these i...
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Nutritional and bioactive compounds in barley
Whole grain barley has been widely recognized as a valuable source of a number of biologically active compounds with unique health benefits. The great number of bioactive nutrients and their pleiotropic physiological effects make barley an ideal grain, raw material, and ingredient for the develop...
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Optimizing slurry management
This chapter discusses optimizing slurry management in agricultural practices. It begins by first highlighting current decision tools for optimizing manure management, then goes on to review modifying animal slurry pH to enhance its value as a biobased fertilizer through methods such as bio acidi...
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Marker-assisted selection in poultry
Marker-assisted selection (MAS) is a form of indirect selection that depends on the accuracy of measuring the marker and the genetic correlation between them. This chapter describes the development of large numbers of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers associated with high-throughput au...
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Advances in disease-resistant oil palm varieties
This chapter describes advances in the breeding of disease-resistant varieties of oil palm, presenting the key issues associated with oil palm disease resistance, including the usefulness and sustainability of resistance and the agricultural practices required to enable it. The chapter focusses o...
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Modelling the effects of temperature and photoperiod on soybean reproductive development
It has long been recognized that the development rate and yield of soybean are sensitive to temperature and photoperiod. This chapter considers a range of experimental evidence concerning the precise effects of these factors on soybean reproductive development, and reviews ten diverse methods of ...
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The role of certification schemes in sustainable forest management (sfm) of tropical forests
Forest certification and its impact has proved to be fertile ground for research and study, both political and technical, and a huge number of research articles, papers and books has accumulated. This chapter seeks to offer an overview and of this research, some of the main conclusions that have ...
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The role of good agricultural practices (gaps) in preventing pathogenic microbial contamination of fresh produce
The microbial safety of fresh fruits and vegetables impacts the health of consumers and the economic viability of farms, packinghouses, and the produce industry. The implementation of Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) on farms and in packinghouses over the past 24 years has resulted in an increa...
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Advances in research on coffee flavour compounds
Coffee’s global appeal is related to its unique flavour, taste and mouthfeel. Coffee is the second-most traded global commodity after petroleum, and a thorough understanding of the chemical dynamics associated with its aroma is essential for the enhancement and permanence of its popularity. This ...
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Advances in breeding of chestnuts
In the two last centuries, diseases and pests from Asia have been introduced in chestnut plantations in both Northern America and Southern Europe, jeopardizing indigenous populations and some local chestnut varieties. The societal demand for chestnut in these countries has considerably increased,...
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Losses and waste in fruits and vegetables
Fresh horticultural produce is key to good health and nutrition. However, the supply of fruits and vegetables is limited by very high levels of loss and waste. This chapter reviews the magnitude of losses and waste of fruit and vegetables as well as key issues in estimating losses. It provides a ...
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The apple genome – harbinger of innovation for sustainable apple production
Apple breeding programs are aimed at improving the agronomic and consumer traits of apples. While DNA-informed breeding doesn’t reduce the time between generations, it can enable the early elimination of undesirable seedlings, thus saving resources for the program. Combined with horticultural and...
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Improving the breeding, cultivation and use of sweetpotato in africa
Sweetpotato is a low-input crop with significant potential for improving public health and nutrition and developing food security in sub-Saharan Africa. This chapter examines the nutritional contribution made by OFSP (orange-fleshed sweetpotato) in poor rural communities in Malawi, Ghana, Nigeria...
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Improving methods for developing new microbial biopesticides
This chapter discusses improving methods for developing new microbial biopesticides. It begins by highlighting the role and economics of biopesticides. The chapter moves on to analyse the strategic framework for biopesticide development and provides an overview of the biopesticide development pro...
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Advances in understanding the genetics of poultry behaviour
Understanding the genetics underlying quantitative traits and identifying the causal genes and polymorphisms that are causal to these traits is hard at the best of times, but in the case of behaviour, the more modest heritabilities and repeatabilities involved make these tasks even more challengi...
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Soil microorganisms: role in soil health
Soil is a complex environment that supports the largest, most diverse and resilient microbial community on the planet, essential for nutrient cycling and plant growth. The details of many soil microorganisms remain unknown, but the recent improvements in molecular methods for microbial ecology h...
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Potato pest management with specific reference to the pacific northwest (usa)
Over the past 20 years, potato pest management in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) region of the United States has changed dramatically with the emergence and resurgence of new insect pests, including vectors of new, devastating plant pathogens. This chapter reviews the status of pest management in th...
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Instant insights: developing immunity in pigs
This collection features four peer-reviewed literature reviews on developing immunity in pigs.
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Short chain organic acids: microbial ecology and antimicrobial activity in the poultry gastrointestinal tract
Interest continues for the development and implementation of alternative feed additives that limit foodborne pathogens in the poultry gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and benefit the host. Short chain organic acids have been employed as feed additives for a number of years. They have been primarily u...
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Achieving carbon-negative bioenergy systems from plant materials
This collection reviews advances in producing next-generation biofuels from plant materials. Part 1 discusses technologies such as biomass gasification, fast pyrolysis and torrefaction. Part 2 assesses advances in production of biofuels from crops such as jatropha, oilseeds, Miscanthus, switchgra...
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Instant insights: dietary supplements in dairy cattle nutrition
This collection features five peer-reviewed reviews on dietary supplements in dairy cattle nutrition.
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Participatory plant breeding programs to optimize use of crop genetic resources
This chapter summarizes a sample of variety evaluation, experimental design, and breeding method innovations that have served as solid approaches for participatory plant breeding (PPB) efforts. With success in PPB comes success in conservation at a local level of useful alleles and allele assembl...
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