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Reconciling production and biodiversity in management of pastures and grasslands
Grasslands are crucial for the conservation of biodiversity across the world. Current agricultural practices have increasingly replaced grasslands by crops or managed them more intensively, resulting in a dramatic reduction of biodiversity. Is it possible to reconcile profitable grassland product...
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Supporting female smallholders
Smallholder women are pivotal in balancing rural food systems yet, they face several inequalities that make it difficult for them to sustainably intensify their operations. This chapter provides insights into how smallholder women can be supported for sustainable intensification. It uses qualitat...
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Insect pests of tea: shot hole borers, termites and nematodes
The tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L) O. Kuntze) is a perennial crop and every part of the plant is prone to infestation by some pest over its lifetime. The prevalence and occurrence of the pest is primarily determined by the specific agro-climatic conditions, the type of cultivar and the cultural...
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Application of genomic selection in commercial egg-type populations
The important traits for commercial egg production are lifetime egg production, feed consumed per egg produced, and various internal and external egg quality traits. These traits are expressed only in females and thus the selection of males can only be done indirectly based on the performance of ...
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Omics technologies for connecting host responses with poultry gut function
Optimal gut function is of importance to the whole metabolism of a chicken and thus also central to efficient feed conversion and optimal meat and egg production. State-of-the-art Omics technologies are currently available to gain a deeper insight into animal physiology. This chapter summarizes t...
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Developing hybrid banana varieties with improved properties
Banana production in Brazil includes different types of cultivars, with the Prata cultivar accounting for 70% of the crop area, followed by the Cavendish, Maçã, and plantain cultivars. In 2019, Brazil produced approximately 7 million tons of bananas in an area of 465,000 ha, which makes it one of...
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Instant insights: nutraceuticals in fruit and vegetables
This specially curated collection features three reviews of current and key research on nutraceuticals in fruit and vegetables.
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Advances in dairy cattle breeding to improve resistance to mastitis
Mastitis, an inflammatory response associated with bacterial infections, is generally regarded as the most-costly disease of dairy cattle because of its high incidence and effects on milk production and composition. Genetic selection for highly productive dairy cows has been very successful; howe...
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Optimising ruminal function: the role of silage and concentrate in dairy cow nutrition to improve feed efficiency and reduce methane and nitrogen emissions
Ruminant farm animals contribute significantly to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, but the emissions can be greatly reduced by nutrition. Sustainable dairy cow feeding strategy to mitigate GHG and N emissions should make the most of the unique ability of ruminants to convert local human-ine...
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Ruminal-ciliated protozoa
Research of the mammalian gut microbiome has in recent years been principally defined by the culture independent analysis of the genetic potential inherent to these microbial communities. However, there has been a renewed interest in culture-based studies of the gut microbiome to increase both th...
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Advances in understanding lipid requirements and utilization in dairy cattle
This chapter examines advances in understanding lipid requirements and utilisation in dairy cattle. The chapter begins by first highlighting the major lipid constituents found in dairy cow nutrition, such as free fatty acids, triglycerides, glycolipids and phospholipids. It then goes on to discus...
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Wheat curl mite ecology and epidemiology of its associated wheat viruses
The focus of this chapter will be to provide a review and update from recent literature on mite ecology and virus epidemiology that is most relevant to the management of the wheat curl mite and its associated viruses.
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Advances in turfgrass disease management
This particular chapter will cover recent advances in turfgrass disease management that promote sustainable suppression of the pathogens that cause diseases.
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Improving water and nutrient management in tomato cultivation
Agricultural practices for tomato production need to (1) fulfil the water and nutritional requirements of the crop for optimal production, (2) consider the environmental impact of production and (3) offer nutritious and safe tomatoes to consumers. This chapter focuses on irrigation and fertilizat...
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Improvement options for agricultural crop production for food, feed and bioenergy
Agriculture currently faces the dual challenges of both having to increase its overall biomass output while contributing to the mitigation of pressing global environmental changes. It is therefore urged to reconcile these challenges by drastically increasing its performance in the short term. Thi...
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Genomic selection, gene editing and genetic engineering for drought tolerance in cereals
This chapter provides the state of the art on genomic prediction of estimated breeding values (GEBV) for selection (or genomic selection) as well as on the use of genetic engineering for both gene editing and transgenic breeding in main cereals crops. Genomic selection has been successfully used ...
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Variety selection in wheat cultivation
Variation among wheat plants serves as the raw material for varietal development or plant breeding, allowing the selection of plants which are suited to particular environments, management methods or markets. The superiority of an identified line is normally validated through a series of trials, ...
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Modeling climate change impact on agro-ecosystem services
Agricultural landscapes are critical to producing food, and other ecosystem services - the vital benefits that flow from ecosystems to people. This chapter reviews how multiple ecosystem services may be impacted by climate change, broadly concluding that most impacts tend to be negative both on s...
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Integrated management of nematodes of coffee
This chapter reviews the main soil-based nematodes affecting coffee plants. In each case, the chapter discusses pest distribution and range, symptoms and damage caused, diagnosis, life cycle and control measures. These include preventative measures to limit movement of infected material, use of r...
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Disease surveillance, diagnostics and germplasm health in crop protection
Diseases caused by a range of established and emerging pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, oomycetes and viruses are among the persistent factors for the reduction in crop yields across sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Most damaging diseases are caused by introduced exotic pathogens and by locally evolve...
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Advances in molecular breeding of ornamentals
The history of flower breeding, discovery of genetic laws and their co-integration in early floricultural breeding programs led to an amazing array of seed- and vegetative-propagated ornamental floricultural crops for the worldwide market. While most early genetic research used flower crops as st...
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Commercial products promoting plant health in african agriculture
The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) usually delivers its products free of charge to national programmes and farmers, but in two projects described in this chapter, most costs were transferred to users through commercialization. This chapter explores the development and appl...
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The evolution of trait selection in breeding: from seeing to remote sensing
As the global population moves towards 10 billion people, record high temperatures are being set on an annual basis, while agricultural soils and water resources are experiencing serious attrition. Clearly the challenge of food security is ever more urgent. Increasing genetic gains of staple food...
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Ensuring the genetic diversity of apples
Widely-used apple cultivars exhibit low resistance to pathogens and low tolerance to climatic threats. This chapter reviews the threats to apple production and the resulting need for new varieties of apple. It considers the advantages of using progenitor species of Malus × domestica in traditiona...
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Advances in the use of robotics in crop phenotyping
This chapter reviews advances in the use of robotics in crop phenotyping. It first highlights the role of robotics in phenotyping, then moves on to discuss three forms of dimensional imaging and analysis: two dimensional (2D), 3D and 4D. A section is dedicated to each. The chapter also provides t...
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Preventing spoilage of poultry meat
The shelf-life of fresh poultry meat is determined by the level of contamination of processed meat by spoilage microorganisms, storage temperature and storage atmosphere. This chapter looks at the various ways by which to extend the shelf-life of poultry meat: vacuum and modified atmosphere packa...
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Measuring and auditing on-farm energy use
Food systems have been divided into several categories; cropping, livestock and fisheries, food processing, packaging, trade, and households. Agricultural operations include all farming operations that occur after the land is cleared and developed, such as tillage, planting, fertilizing, pest con...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of grain legumes volume 2
Grain legumes are characterised by their nutritional value, an ability to grow rapidly and improve soil health. This makes them a key rotation crop in promoting food security. However, yields are constrained by factors such as pests and diseases as well as vulnerability to poor soils, drought and...
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Marker-assisted selection in cassava breeding
By reducing the number of seedlings using marker-assisted selection (MAS), field breeders of cassava can allocate their limited phenotyping resources to a smaller number of selection candidates for further phenotypic evaluation of complex traits such as yield and drought tolerance. This chapter d...
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Energy and water use in poultry processing
Increasing poultry production also means increasing energy and water use in poultry processing. Assessing these inputs is critical to develop more efficient systems and requires analysis of individual steps in processing. This chapter reviews way of measuring and reducing water and energy us at d...
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Frosty pod rot, caused by moniliophthora roreri
Frosty pod rot (FPR) of cacao (Theobroma cacao) is caused by Moniliophthora roreri. FPR commonly can reduce yields by over 80% and is extremely difficult to manage. This chapter reviews the origins, spread and impact of Moniliophthora roreri. It also discusses methods for managing FPR, from strat...
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Ethical issues in integrated weed management
This chapter surveys the potential ethical issues and problems that surround weed science as a subdivision of agriculture. These include the implications of herbicide resistance, invasive species, the introduction of biotech/Genetically Modified Organisms and concerns about sustainability. This c...
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Breeding for fruit quality improvement in apple
Breeding for fruit quality improvement is critical for sustaining consumer interest and providing long-term profitability for the apple industry. Priority breeding targets consist of eating quality, appearance, and storability traits (to ensure year-round availability of fruit). Apple breeding is...
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Analysing the processing quality of sugarcane
Sugarcane, belonging to the genus Saccharum, is a grass grown in many tropical and subtropical areas of the world. As industries attempt to achieve sustainability in sugar production and in the production of current and potential by-products from sugarcane, knowledge about its compositional trait...
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Developing decision support systems for improving data management in agricultural supply chains
Food production takes place in a complex network of enterprises reaching from agriculture to processing, trade and retail. The final characteristics of food products sold to consumers depend on the cooperation of all enterprises engaged in the production process, forming the food value chain. Wit...
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Advances in precision dairy and beef farming technologies
This book addresses the wealth of research on the application of precision livestock farming technologies in dairy and beef farming. Technologies explored range from the use of biosensors and thermal imaging techniques to monitor dairy cattle health, to robotic milking and the use of virtual herd...
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Conservation tillage for sustainable wheat intensification: the example of south asia
Conservation tillage (CT) is one among the prominent agronomic innovations proposed to address stagnant wheat yields in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of South Asia. A review of recent literature and an analysis of farm household datasets indicate that the magnitude of economic impact of CT wheat, albe...
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Powdery mildew: biology, epidemiology, and management of podosphaera spp. of tree fruit
Major economically important tree fruit, such as apple (Malus × domestica), pear (Pyrus spp.), and stone fruit (cherry, apricot, peach: Prunus spp.), are amongst the most susceptible crops to powdery mildews. The fungus mostly affects vegetative tissues but can also infect the reproductive organs...
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Advances in understanding the development of nutraceutical compounds in apples
This chapter provides an overview of the antioxidant nutraceutical compounds found in apples. Apples have always been recognised as foods with high nutritional value. In addition, their health benefits have always been the subject of intense research. This chapter summarises the characteristics a...
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Advances in breeding crops resistant to insect pests: rice as a paradigm
Over the last 60 years research involving the development and deployment of insect-resistant crop cultivars has led to significant crop improvements in the major food-producing areas of the world. This chapter discusses the history, status, latest methods, and challenges of breeding insect-resist...
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Modeling climate change impact on low-input smallholder farming systems
Smallholder farming systems face many adversities including poor soil fertility, poor access to inputs, and high dependence on climate variability. On top of that, ongoing climate change is expected to exacerbate the effect of abiotic and abiotic stresses on farm performances, and poses additiona...
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Understanding the behaviour and improving the welfare of dairy cattle
This collection summarises and reviews the wealth of research relating specifically to dairy cattle, including understanding behaviour, monitoring welfare and improving current welfare practices.
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Carbon management practices and benefits in conservation agriculture systems: soil organic carbon fraction losses and restoration
The conversion of native vegetation (NV) into agricultural land by clearing and tillage disrupts the soil structure, and depletes soil organic carbon (SOC) pool. Data on changes in SOC pools are needed to enhance scientific knowledge regarding the effects of land use and Conservation Agriculture ...
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Advances in understanding boron cycling in soils, uptake/use by plants and ways of optimizing boron use efficiency in crop production
This chapter starts with a short overview of the actual knowledge about functions of boron (B) in all living systems. Thereafter, a more detailed insight into the special topics of B chemistry is given. The behaviour of B in soils, the factors leading to low or phytotoxic concentrations of B in s...
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Understanding gut function in poultry: immunometabolism at the gut level
In poultry production, a trade-off has been made between growth and efficiency on the one hand, and immune potential and disease resistance on the other. The emerging field of immunometabolism, brought to the fore by research into human metabolic syndrome and cancer, is an opportunity in poultry ...
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Advances in corporate natural capital accounting
Several attempts have been made to classify business accounting approaches with respect to environmental issues. This chapter provides a short overview of such approaches, underlining their diversity in framing, methods and applications, and highlights recent attempts to standardise corporate nat...
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Wheat crop modelling to improve yields
Crop simulation models are robust tools for scientists, farmers and policymakers that can be used to develop practices and strategies to increase agricultural productivity and sustainability on a local, regional or global scale under conditions and treatments difficult or impossible to test using...
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The importance of agroforestry systems in supporting biodiversity conservation and agricultural production: a european perspective
Biodiversity has been declining steadily over the last decade causing large economic losses. Agroforestry is a sustainable land use system where woody perennials (trees or shrubs) are combined with agricultural production. Agroforestry is able to provide solutions to meet global strategies to inc...
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