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Improving gut function in pigs to prevent dysbiosis and post-weaning diarrhoea
Post-weaning diarrhoea (PWD) is a significant enteric disease causing considerable economic losses for the pig industry. There are multiple factors for why pigs develop diarrhea post-weaning and require treatment with antibiotics. The condition ‘dysbiosis’ can be considered as an ecosystem where ...
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Protecting natural capital and biodiversity in agricultural supply chains: introduction
This chapter provides an introduction to protecting natural capital and biodiversity in agricultural supply chains. After a brief overview, the chapter goes on to summarise what the volume is about by focusing on the areas that are covered in the rest of the chapters, such as ways to address biod...
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Weed ecology and population dynamics
Agricultural trends, including a global rise in herbicide-resistant weed genotypes and a growing demand for food produced with minimal external synthetic inputs, are driving producer interest in reducing reliance on herbicides for weed management. An improved understanding of weed ecology can sup...
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Rethinking and engaging with animal health in organic farming
The organic principle of health highlights ‘the wholeness and integrity of living systems’. It is not simply the absence of illness, but the maintenance of physical, mental, social and ecological well-being. We often articulate health as simply ‘disease freedom’. However, this chapter argues that...
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Sustainably meeting the nutrient requirements of grazing sheep
In order to be sustainable, sheep rearing systems must be sufficiently flexible to respond to variable conditions and feed availability. This chapter argues that sustainable sheep management works with the resources available at a given place or time and learns from the sheep themselves. The chap...
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Advances in abiotic stress-resistant varieties of ornamentals
Ornamental plants face a range of abiotic stresses which are likely to increase with the effects of climate. This chapter reviews ways of improving resistance to a wide range of stresses: low and high temperatures, drought, waterlogging and saline conditions as well as poor soil quality.
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Developments in commercial scale farming of microalgae and seaweeds
Expanding markets for microalgae and macroalgae products have led to increased development of commercial farming operations. While microalgae and macroalgae, or seaweed, have historically been harvested in many parts of globe, more recent developments seek to improve productivity, decrease produc...
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Advances in understanding color development in poultry meat
The demand for poultry meat will surpass other meats as an animal protein source. Poultry is considered white meat due to its lower myoglobin content than red meats. Consumers often associate fresh meat color with quality. Any deviation from a consumer-preferred color leads to less acceptance. Th...
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Advances in the use of robotics in orchard operations
Agriculture has witnessed transformative innovation and technology adoption over the past 100 years including tractors, combine harvesters, and auto-steering techniques. These mechanized or automated machines relieved a huge population around the world from hard labor in challenging farming envir...
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Trade-offs between management and conservation for the provision of ecosystem services in the southern patagonian forests
Forests provide critical ecosystem services for human well-being; however, some ecosystem services are more valued (e.g. provisioning services) than others (e.g. regulating or supporting services). Temperate regions contain several forests affected by humans, mainly with regard to ecosystem servi...
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Optimising reproductive management to maximise dairy herd health and production
Reproduction is central to the operation of a dairy herd through initiating lactation and providing replacement animals and offspring for sale. This chapter outlines the steps required to detect reproductive problems and limitations in cows and herds. It then elaborates some strategies to overcom...
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Advances in the use of biological control agents in the disinfection of horticultural produce
This chapter reviews advances in the use of biological control agents in the disinfection of horticultural produce. It discusses plant extracts and animal-based materials as postharvest treatments, the discovery of microbial antagonists and their mode of action. It also reviews the integration of...
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Coffee tree growth and environmental acclimation
In this chapter, some aspects of coffee growth and development as well as the recent advances in the environmental physiology of growth and production are reviewed. The information deals with both Coffea arabica and C. canephora, which together account for 99% of coffee bean production worldwide....
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Good agricultural practices: an end point or a starting point for more sustainable banana production?
Bananas, a longstanding export crop, have not been immune from consumer concerns about food safety and the environmental and human health impacts of production. About half of export banana production is certified under four labels – GlobalGap, Organic, FairTrade and Rainforest – based on Good Agr...
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Genetic engineering of tomato to improve nutritional quality, resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses, and for non-food applications
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is an excellent plant model for unravelling physiological processes, fruit quality and shelf-life determinants, such as stress-responsive signalling, pathogenicity and ripening in climacteric fruits. Consumer awareness of tomato as a phytonutrient source of lycope...
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Understanding and mitigating the impact of climate change on insect pests and food security
This chapter reviews the impact of climate change on insect pests, agricultural productivity and food security. Increased temperatures, elevated levels of carbon dioxide and fluctuations in precipitation pattern impact insect pest populations. The chapter reviews how climate change has affected i...
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Measuring and assessing the biological health of soils
This book reviews key advances in measuring soil biology which provides the foundation for soil health on which sustainable crop and livestock production depends.
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The role of crop and cropping system management in conservation agriculture systems
This chapter describes the issues of adopting Conservation Agriculture (CA) agronomy in three distinct geographic areas of the world. Firstly, the rice-wheat systems of the Indo-Gangetic Plains of South Asia are presented, looking at the contrasting methods of rice and wheat production in the are...
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The role of food banks in food security and food loss and waste (flw) prevention
The current deficit of food supply in which more than 820 million people do not have enough to eat puts a real threat on the upcoming generations to satisfy their most basic need of food sufficiency. This chapter describes the development of food banks over the years, explains the difference betw...
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Developing improved varieties of common bean
The genetic improvement of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) has been a century old endeavor at institutions in North America and Mexico. This chapter describes Improvement programs focussing on a wide range of biotic and abiotic production constraints, traits for local adaptation, and consumer qu...
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Advances in understanding cassava growth and development
Understanding the physiological basis for cassava growth and development supports key strategies for the crop’s sustainable management and its genetic improvement. Key components to consider are leaf area index, plant architecture, total biomass yield, photosynthetic rate, root bulking and root q...
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Using verticillium albo-atrum wcs850 to control dutch elm disease
Approximately 100 years after the first introduction of Dutch elm disease (DED) in Europe, an effective commercial biocontrol product is available to protect susceptible elm trees against DED transmission by beetles. Injection of trees with conidiospores of the fungus Verticilium albo-atrum isola...
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Advances in plant phenotyping for more sustainable crop production
This collection reviews the wealth of research on advances in phenotyping and the influential role it plays in identifying the relative importance of genetic, environmental and agronomic factors in determining complex plant traits, such as yield and resource-use efficiency.
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The use of treated wastewater for crop irrigation
The reuse of treated wastewater for crop irrigation is important in the effective use of scarce water resources in ensuring a stable supply and in recovery of nutrients. This chapter explains the composition of wastewater, methods for treatment and guidelines for reuse for crop irrigation, includ...
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Advances in understanding tree fruit-rhizosphere microbiome relationships for enhanced plant health
Host–microbe interactions in the rhizosphere influence numerous processes that determine plant productivity and health. The rhizo-microbiome influences functions ranging from protection of the plant from pathogen attack to enhanced nutrient availability and uptake. This chapter examines the use o...
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Achieving sustainable production of sheep
Sheep have long been a feature of farming. This collection reviews the latest research on issues such as meat quality, genetics and breeding. It also discusses animal nutrition, health and welfare as well as ways of improving the sustainability of sheep production.
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Organic amendments to improve soil health and crop productivity: a case study in china
This chapter focuses on three long-term fertilization experiments with a temperature and precipitation gradient from China, which aim to improve soil fertility, maintain soil health and increase crop productivity. After outlining the approaches adopted in long-term experiments in fertilization ma...
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The role of soil hydrology in soil health
Soil hydrology stands at the forefront of soil health due to its critical importance in regulating physical, chemical and biological processes in soils. Soil–water interactions are closely related to and create both positive and negative feedbacks with soil characteristics, landscape features and...
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Management of an ultra-high-density mango orchard and benefits of the small-tree system
There are many advantages in establishing mango hedgerows in such a way that their height for optimal light utilization does not exceed 2m and their width 1m. The terminal shoots, inflorescences and fruits on such trees are within easy reach of farm workers. The fruits, as opposed to branches and...
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Advances in understanding the contamination of fresh produce by pathogenic escherichia coli
Produce is a constituent of healthy diets throughout the world. Contamination of produce with pathogenic Escherichia coli and particularly Shiga toxin producing E. coli (STEC) is a global human health concern. STEC may enter fields in which produce is grown through contaminated irrigation water, ...
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Advances in high-throughput crop phenotyping using unmanned aerial vehicles (uavs)
The objective of this chapter is to introduce the agronomic community to remote sensing terms and technologies and show how remote sensing methods can be used in field phenotyping. This chapter discusses approaches to UAV remote sensing and data analysis for high-throughput field phenotyping and ...
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Greenhouse gas emissions from livestock production: modelling methods, methane emission factors and mitigation strategies
This chapter discusses the systems analysis and life cycle assessment modelling approaches and also looks at a range of model applications. These applications include use within the national inventories of various countries across species including discussions around the use of different emission...
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Photosynthetic improvement of wheat plants
The light-driven assimilation of CO2 in photosynthesis is the primary determinant of the biomass of wheat. The current theoretical maximum efficiency of photosynthesis in wheat is 4.6%, but in practice it rarely exceeds 2% and averages less than 1% in the field (Zhu et al. 2008). Improving this c...
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Instant insights: optimising photosynthesis in crops
This collection explores the need to optimise the C3 photosynthesis cycle in crop production to boost crop yields and improve agricultural productivity. Chapters review how the yields of key agricultural crops, including rice and wheat, can be increased through photosynthetic improvement.
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Brown rot: causes, detection and control of monilinia spp. affecting tree fruit
Monilinia spp. cause economically important fungal diseases of pome and stone fruits. This chapter focuses on the four main Monilinia/Monilia species that is Monilinia fructicola, M. laxa, M. fructigena and M. polystroma. The chapter concentrates on general and specific features of the four brown...
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The domestication, spread and uses of sorghum as a crop
Although only a minimal component of human food in developed countries, sorghum remains the fifth most important cereal crop in terms of production and acreage. This is due to its robustness as a cereal crop, biotic and abiotic tolerances, and diversity of both varieties and uses. This chapter de...
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Genetics of drought tolerance in cereals
This chapter discusses some of the latest findings related to the genetics of drought resistance of the world's most widely grown cereals. The chapter starts with rice because of its key role as an ancestral founder species and phylogenetically pivotal role for cereal evolution. The chapter then ...
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Advances in communication systems in agricultural robotics
Unmanned agricultural ground vehicles (UAGVs) represent substantial potential with their ability to optimize crop yields and increase sustainability, making them a high priority with many academic and corporate institutions. These systems need to be safe and robust while operating in suboptimal c...
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Advancing conservation biological control as a component of integrated pest management of horticultural crops
Conservation biological control is commonly considered to be a key component of IPM because it is compatible with and complementary to many other approaches available in the IPM ‘toolbox’. However, despite significant study of conservation biological approaches in horticultural systems, uptake ha...
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Genome editing of woody perennial trees
This chapter discusses the challenges facing woody perennial trees, namely the heterozygosity of outcrossing species and limited genomic resources. Gene knockouts (KO) represent the predominant applications of the CRISPR technology in woody perennial crops to date and will be the focus of this ch...
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Humic substances (hs) as plant biostimulants in agriculture
This chapter reviews how humic substances (HS) can be used as plant biostimulants in agriculture. It begins by describing how humic substances are produced and highlights different characteristics of these substances. It then goes on to review how humic substances can be used in terms of plant gr...
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Towards sustainable production of walnut (juglans regia l.)
Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) is the only species of the genus Juglans widely cultivated for nut production. Over the last 20 years, global walnut production has grown by almost 250%, with China, the United States and Iran as leading producing countries. This enormous growth is mainly attribu...
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Plum pox virus: detection and management
Sharka disease, caused by Plum pox virus (PPV), is the most important virus inducing extended yield losses in plums, on account of reduced fruit quality, premature fruit drop and rapid natural virus spread by aphid vectors. This chapter provides general information on the status of this disease a...
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Instant insights: supporting cereal production in sub-saharan africa
This specially curated collection features four reviews of current and key research on supporting cereal production in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Advances in papaya cultivation
Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is one of the most nutritious fruits. Due to the presence of the enzyme ‘papain’, which has a number of uses, there is now an increased industrial demand for the fruit. This chapter reviews plant and floral morphology of papaya as well as advances in genetics and breedin...
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Advances in augmentative biological control in integrated pest management
Augmentative biological control uses mass-reared natural enemies for releases in large numbers to reduce pest populations. Augmentative biocontrol is increasingly applied worldwide in many different crops. It is a cornerstone of integrated pest management (IPM) programmes and plays a key sustaina...
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Plant secondary compounds: beneficial roles in sustainable ruminant nutrition and productivity
Plant secondary compounds, also known as phytogenics or phyotochemicals offer interesting opportunities to improve rumen function and livestock productivity in the current production systems as many plants produce secondary metabolites that, when extracted and concentrated, may exert modulation o...
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Ensuring the genetic diversity of tea plants
Long-term cross-pollination has produced considerable heritable variation within and between populations of the tea plant and related species, resulting in a high level of genetic diversity. A good understanding and management of this pool of genetic resource diversity is of vital importance to t...
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