Sugarcane, belonging to the genus Saccharum, is a grass grown in many tropical and subtropical areas of the world. As industries attempt to achieve sustainability in sugar production and in the production of current and potential by-products from sugarcane, knowledge about its compositional traits will become increasingly important. In this chapter, we discuss the composition of the whole sugarcane plant, the sugarcane juice and sugarcane fibre and bagasse. We review how composition varies among and within species of sugarcane, and among commercial varieties. We then cover sucrose extraction methods, sustainable production and harvesting practices, quality parameters and grower payment schemes.