Sustainability of our food systems depends on the maintenance of healthy soils. The links between soil quality, long-term soil productivity, and environmental quality are now widely acknowledged, as is the importance of conserving soil as a resource for future generations. Determining and predicting key management practices associated with enhanced soil and plant health remains an important goal of sustainable agriculture. The goals of this chapter are (1) to summarize the indicators, metrics, and assessment tools that are utilized to define and measure soil health; (2) review the literature on the links between soil and plant health; and (3) discuss future trends and needs to better understand soil quality and health, in the context of vegetable crop production. Sections are included on the importance of soil quality and health in vegetable cropping systems, and the attributes, indicators, and assessments of healthy soil. The chapter also includes a case study on conservation tillage in bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) production systems.