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Understanding and mitigating the impact of climate change on insect pests and food security
This chapter reviews the impact of climate change on insect pests, agricultural productivity and food security. Increased temperatures, elevated levels of carbon dioxide and fluctuations in precipitation pattern impact insect pest populations. The chapter reviews how climate change has affected i...
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Measuring and assessing the biological health of soils
This book reviews key advances in measuring soil biology which provides the foundation for soil health on which sustainable crop and livestock production depends.
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The role of crop and cropping system management in conservation agriculture systems
This chapter describes the issues of adopting Conservation Agriculture (CA) agronomy in three distinct geographic areas of the world. Firstly, the rice-wheat systems of the Indo-Gangetic Plains of South Asia are presented, looking at the contrasting methods of rice and wheat production in the are...
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The role of food banks in food security and food loss and waste (flw) prevention
The current deficit of food supply in which more than 820 million people do not have enough to eat puts a real threat on the upcoming generations to satisfy their most basic need of food sufficiency. This chapter describes the development of food banks over the years, explains the difference betw...
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Developing improved varieties of common bean
The genetic improvement of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) has been a century old endeavor at institutions in North America and Mexico. This chapter describes Improvement programs focussing on a wide range of biotic and abiotic production constraints, traits for local adaptation, and consumer qu...
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Advances in understanding cassava growth and development
Understanding the physiological basis for cassava growth and development supports key strategies for the crop’s sustainable management and its genetic improvement. Key components to consider are leaf area index, plant architecture, total biomass yield, photosynthetic rate, root bulking and root q...
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Using verticillium albo-atrum wcs850 to control dutch elm disease
Approximately 100 years after the first introduction of Dutch elm disease (DED) in Europe, an effective commercial biocontrol product is available to protect susceptible elm trees against DED transmission by beetles. Injection of trees with conidiospores of the fungus Verticilium albo-atrum isola...
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Advances in plant phenotyping for more sustainable crop production
This collection reviews the wealth of research on advances in phenotyping and the influential role it plays in identifying the relative importance of genetic, environmental and agronomic factors in determining complex plant traits, such as yield and resource-use efficiency.
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The use of treated wastewater for crop irrigation
The reuse of treated wastewater for crop irrigation is important in the effective use of scarce water resources in ensuring a stable supply and in recovery of nutrients. This chapter explains the composition of wastewater, methods for treatment and guidelines for reuse for crop irrigation, includ...
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Advances in understanding tree fruit-rhizosphere microbiome relationships for enhanced plant health
Host–microbe interactions in the rhizosphere influence numerous processes that determine plant productivity and health. The rhizo-microbiome influences functions ranging from protection of the plant from pathogen attack to enhanced nutrient availability and uptake. This chapter examines the use o...
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Achieving sustainable production of sheep
Sheep have long been a feature of farming. This collection reviews the latest research on issues such as meat quality, genetics and breeding. It also discusses animal nutrition, health and welfare as well as ways of improving the sustainability of sheep production.
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Organic amendments to improve soil health and crop productivity: a case study in china
This chapter focuses on three long-term fertilization experiments with a temperature and precipitation gradient from China, which aim to improve soil fertility, maintain soil health and increase crop productivity. After outlining the approaches adopted in long-term experiments in fertilization ma...
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The role of soil hydrology in soil health
Soil hydrology stands at the forefront of soil health due to its critical importance in regulating physical, chemical and biological processes in soils. Soil–water interactions are closely related to and create both positive and negative feedbacks with soil characteristics, landscape features and...
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Management of an ultra-high-density mango orchard and benefits of the small-tree system
There are many advantages in establishing mango hedgerows in such a way that their height for optimal light utilization does not exceed 2m and their width 1m. The terminal shoots, inflorescences and fruits on such trees are within easy reach of farm workers. The fruits, as opposed to branches and...
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Advances in understanding the contamination of fresh produce by pathogenic escherichia coli
Produce is a constituent of healthy diets throughout the world. Contamination of produce with pathogenic Escherichia coli and particularly Shiga toxin producing E. coli (STEC) is a global human health concern. STEC may enter fields in which produce is grown through contaminated irrigation water, ...
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Advances in high-throughput crop phenotyping using unmanned aerial vehicles (uavs)
The objective of this chapter is to introduce the agronomic community to remote sensing terms and technologies and show how remote sensing methods can be used in field phenotyping. This chapter discusses approaches to UAV remote sensing and data analysis for high-throughput field phenotyping and ...
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Greenhouse gas emissions from livestock production: modelling methods, methane emission factors and mitigation strategies
This chapter discusses the systems analysis and life cycle assessment modelling approaches and also looks at a range of model applications. These applications include use within the national inventories of various countries across species including discussions around the use of different emission...
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Photosynthetic improvement of wheat plants
The light-driven assimilation of CO2 in photosynthesis is the primary determinant of the biomass of wheat. The current theoretical maximum efficiency of photosynthesis in wheat is 4.6%, but in practice it rarely exceeds 2% and averages less than 1% in the field (Zhu et al. 2008). Improving this c...
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Instant insights: optimising photosynthesis in crops
This collection explores the need to optimise the C3 photosynthesis cycle in crop production to boost crop yields and improve agricultural productivity. Chapters review how the yields of key agricultural crops, including rice and wheat, can be increased through photosynthetic improvement.
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Brown rot: causes, detection and control of monilinia spp. affecting tree fruit
Monilinia spp. cause economically important fungal diseases of pome and stone fruits. This chapter focuses on the four main Monilinia/Monilia species that is Monilinia fructicola, M. laxa, M. fructigena and M. polystroma. The chapter concentrates on general and specific features of the four brown...
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The domestication, spread and uses of sorghum as a crop
Although only a minimal component of human food in developed countries, sorghum remains the fifth most important cereal crop in terms of production and acreage. This is due to its robustness as a cereal crop, biotic and abiotic tolerances, and diversity of both varieties and uses. This chapter de...
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Genetics of drought tolerance in cereals
This chapter discusses some of the latest findings related to the genetics of drought resistance of the world's most widely grown cereals. The chapter starts with rice because of its key role as an ancestral founder species and phylogenetically pivotal role for cereal evolution. The chapter then ...
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Advances in communication systems in agricultural robotics
Unmanned agricultural ground vehicles (UAGVs) represent substantial potential with their ability to optimize crop yields and increase sustainability, making them a high priority with many academic and corporate institutions. These systems need to be safe and robust while operating in suboptimal c...
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Advancing conservation biological control as a component of integrated pest management of horticultural crops
Conservation biological control is commonly considered to be a key component of IPM because it is compatible with and complementary to many other approaches available in the IPM ‘toolbox’. However, despite significant study of conservation biological approaches in horticultural systems, uptake ha...
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Genome editing of woody perennial trees
This chapter discusses the challenges facing woody perennial trees, namely the heterozygosity of outcrossing species and limited genomic resources. Gene knockouts (KO) represent the predominant applications of the CRISPR technology in woody perennial crops to date and will be the focus of this ch...
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Humic substances (hs) as plant biostimulants in agriculture
This chapter reviews how humic substances (HS) can be used as plant biostimulants in agriculture. It begins by describing how humic substances are produced and highlights different characteristics of these substances. It then goes on to review how humic substances can be used in terms of plant gr...
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Towards sustainable production of walnut (juglans regia l.)
Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) is the only species of the genus Juglans widely cultivated for nut production. Over the last 20 years, global walnut production has grown by almost 250%, with China, the United States and Iran as leading producing countries. This enormous growth is mainly attribu...
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Plum pox virus: detection and management
Sharka disease, caused by Plum pox virus (PPV), is the most important virus inducing extended yield losses in plums, on account of reduced fruit quality, premature fruit drop and rapid natural virus spread by aphid vectors. This chapter provides general information on the status of this disease a...
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Instant insights: supporting cereal production in sub-saharan africa
This specially curated collection features four reviews of current and key research on supporting cereal production in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Advances in papaya cultivation
Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is one of the most nutritious fruits. Due to the presence of the enzyme ‘papain’, which has a number of uses, there is now an increased industrial demand for the fruit. This chapter reviews plant and floral morphology of papaya as well as advances in genetics and breedin...
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Advances in augmentative biological control in integrated pest management
Augmentative biological control uses mass-reared natural enemies for releases in large numbers to reduce pest populations. Augmentative biocontrol is increasingly applied worldwide in many different crops. It is a cornerstone of integrated pest management (IPM) programmes and plays a key sustaina...
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Plant secondary compounds: beneficial roles in sustainable ruminant nutrition and productivity
Plant secondary compounds, also known as phytogenics or phyotochemicals offer interesting opportunities to improve rumen function and livestock productivity in the current production systems as many plants produce secondary metabolites that, when extracted and concentrated, may exert modulation o...
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Ensuring the genetic diversity of tea plants
Long-term cross-pollination has produced considerable heritable variation within and between populations of the tea plant and related species, resulting in a high level of genetic diversity. A good understanding and management of this pool of genetic resource diversity is of vital importance to t...
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Detecting pathogens in milk on dairy farms: key issues for developing countries
Testing for pathogens in cow’s milk on dairy farms has assumed importance these days. Pathogen testing is done to ensure milk quality and milk safety and on-farm pathogen testing is being explored. This chapter discusses this crucial issue, first by identifying the rationale for on-farm pathogen ...
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Enhancing the nutritional quality of poultry meat
The pattern of poultry meat consumption has changed considerably, and these days, there has been a significant increase in the consumption of poultry meat products that are easily purchased and/or prepared. Genetic selection has largely helped to meet the market demand for increased poultry meat ...
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Exploiting the genetic diversity of ornamentals
Germplasm is important in maintaining genetic resources for plants because it encompasses living genetic resources that new plants can be grown from. Nursery (field) storage, pollen storage, seed collections, and in vitro storage are ways plant germplasm can be stored, and constitute what is call...
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Advances in the understanding of barley plant physiology: factors determining grain development, composition, and chemistry
Crop improvement depends on fast and continuous scientific progress. Recent technological advances have led to remarkable breakthroughs in barley genomics and grain physiology. This chapter aims to highlight the progress in our understanding of barley grain, its functional architecture, and energ...
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Understanding and preventing soil erosion
This collection reviews the range of research on understanding the mechanisms of soil erosion, as well as advances in techniques for measuring erosion. The book also addresses recent developments in mitigation strategies to reduce soil erosion such as zero/no-tillage, buffer strips and soil stabi...
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Advances in understanding milk salts
Distribution of minerals between casein micelles and the homogeneous serum phase of milk is different for different mammals. Chemical thermodynamics has provided a complete description of mineral distribution in milk and caseins with varying degree of phosphorylation and metal binding capacity. M...
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Food security and food waste: key issues
Food security embeds the most challenging aspects of the current food systems and of the world dynamics. This chapter provides an overview of food security – it presents definitions, history, measurements and the global policy framework– and illustrates some of the various global challenges food ...
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Factors affecting pork flavour
Pork-related products such as bacon, sausage and ham comprise a large portion of the meat products sold in today’s market due to their desirable flavour. The application of various processing methods such as cooking, curing, deboning, grinding, canning and application of additives or spices durin...
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Integrated weed management in barley cultivation
Weed infestations in barley can cause yield reductions and reduce the quality of harvested product. Weed management before, during and after the crop is important to reduce weed populations. Weed management in barley is currently heavily reliant on herbicides for weed control, and this reactive a...
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Peptide-based biopesticides
There is a growing gap in the market for environmentally friendly, selective insecticides and biocides for use in the production of food crops. This has been driven by tightening regulations on chemical products, as well as customer demand for no-chemical residue food products. As insect hormone ...
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Developing effective training and certification schemes for improving on-farm dairy cattle welfare
This chapter discusses developing effective training and certification schemes for improving on-farm dairy cattle welfare. It begins by reviewing the selection of measures that can be used for assessing animal welfare, focusing firstly on animal-based measures, then moves on to review resource an...
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Advances in measuring mechanical properties of soil in relation to soil health
Although mechanical properties of soil are fast and easy to measure, they have not been used as indicators of soil health apart from cone penetration resistance. The confined compression test is traditionally used for the prediction of soil compaction risks. Other mechanical tests such as soil rh...
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Understanding resistance to sterol biosynthesis inhibitor fungicides
This chapter discusses understanding resistance to sterol biosynthesis inhibitor (SBI) fungicides. It starts by first highlighting the current market and trends for this type of fungicide, then goes on to provide a short history of de-methylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicides, one of the four subcla...
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Moko bacterial wilt of banana
This chapter discusses Moko bacterial wilt, the most serious bacterial disease affecting bananas and plantains. It starts by describing the main external and internal symptoms of the disease. The chapter then reviews advances in understanding the taxonomy and classification of disease-causing str...
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Feed evaluation and formulation to maximise nutritional efficiency in dairy cattle
This chapter reviews the evaluation of energy and protein value of ruminants’ feedstuffs. It emphasises the importance of accurately estimating feeding values to optimise production. The chapter discusses experimental methods and models used to evaluate the energy and protein values of feeds. The...
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