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Integrated pest management of insect, nematode and mite pests of tea
This chapter describes the various strategies that are being implemented in different countries to manage pests of tea using integrated pest management (IPM) programmes to ensure they do not reach economic injury levels. The chapter explores methods of mechanical, biological, cultural and chemica...
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Nutritional strategies to boost immune response in poultry
In this chapter nutritional modulation of immune function, with specific focus on research work from the year 2000 to present, is outlined with respect to immune responsiveness and disease resistance. In order to assess immune enhancement, suppression, and balance, independent sections for vitam...
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Integrating economic simulation models with whole-farm system models for ex ante technology impact assessment
The key analytical challenge to developing agricultural system models is to predict the behavior of agricultural systems in the multiple dimensions that are relevant to their economic, environmental and social sustainability, under recent historically observed conditions and when they are modifie...
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Food losses and waste in meats
Poultry, beef, mutton and goat meat remain important components in the human diet, making food losses and waste (FLW) in livestock production a serious issue in terms of food security as well as economic and environmental sustainability. This chapter reviews the extent of FLW affecting meat and t...
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Advances in postharvest handling of citrus fruit
Consumers are the driving major trends in both fresh citrus production, and postharvest handling, storage and distribution. Both consumers and retailers are driving changes in different citrus types (such as increases in ‘soft’ citrus types) and postharvest management (such as reduced postharvest...
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Global tea science
Tea is the most widely-consumed beverage in the world. Tea cultivation faces a range of challenges in improving yields. The various parts of the book review ways of addressing these challenges, from breeding and cultivation to plant protection and improving sustainability.
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Advances in conventional sugarcane breeding programmes
All sugarcane cultivars currently grown throughout the world arise from breeding programmes which have used a reasonably similar approach sustained over many decades. This comprises a continuous pipeline of operations of regular (usually annual) crossing among selected parent clones to produce la...
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The effects of carcass chilling and electrical stimulation on visual beef quality and palatability
The conversion of muscle to meat during the rigor mortis process and the conditions under which this process occurs is most important for quality attributes of beef including colour, water holding capacity and tenderness. Electrical stimulation is used to prevent cold-induced toughening of beef, ...
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Managing feed to optimize pig health
Pigs face challenges to their health and well-being throughout their lifetimes. Proper nutrition may increase their resilience and prevent disease. In this chapter, we first discuss the essential contribution of balanced energy and protein levels to achieving optimal health and performance. We th...
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Understanding the molecular biology of avian viruses and their role in poultry health
Different molecular aspects of avian viruses are presented such as the role and importance of capsid proteins and viral glycoproteins in viral pathogenesis, in development of diagnostic methods and the creation of recombinant vaccines is discussed. Mechanisms of viral evolution such as mutation, ...
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Developments in data analysis for decision-making in precision livestock farming systems
This chapter focuses on supervised learning techniques such as decision trees and linear prediction models, as well as unsupervised learning techniques such as clustering. Fitting the model to data and the phenomenon of overfitting are described. For each technique, an example has been added for ...
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Developments in activity and location technologies for monitoring cattle movement and behaviour
This chapter reviews the range of options for monitoring cattle location and activity, and highlight the application of these technologies rather than the technical aspects or algorithms behind them. Additionally, the focus will be placed on the research, development and adoption of these technol...
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Understanding sheep behaviour
The most important features of the behaviour of sheep are their marked sociality and the formation of a bond between mother and young. Sheep show a strong need to stay with their flock mates and become very distressed when isolated. Under farm conditions the social environment is mainly controlle...
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Improving potato cultivation practices: an overview
Environmental and food safety concerns are driving potato research towards the development of sustainable practices. Soil and planting management, as well as cultivation practices, are directly related to increased marketable yield and quality and are of great importance for quick crop emergence,...
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Precision maize cultivation techniques
Information and communication technologies are transforming the way maize is cultivated around the world by providing farmers with a suite of novel tools and techniques for improving crop production, enhancing input use efficiency and increasing profitability while achieving environmental sustain...
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Assessing the environmental impact of agriculture
This book reviews key methods for measuring the environmental impact of agriculture. Part 1 reviews life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. Part 2 reviews ways of modelling particular types of impact whilst the final part covers particular agricultural sectors.
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Establishment and root development in wheat crops
Good establishment lays the foundations for wheat yield. Here, we have used the term ‘establishment’ to encompass development and growth prior to the elongation of the main stem. We describe how the seedling root system establishes and then outline how four agronomic practices (time and depth of ...
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Energy-smart farming
This collection reviews research on methods implemented to reduce the costs and environmental impact of on-farm energy use, such as through the adoption of renewable forms of energy production, as well as utilising energy sources more wisely.
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Bone health and associated problems in layer hens
Laying hens and associated commercial egg production is one of the most universal agricultural products across the globe. Housing and management systems are variable but must allow for appropriate skeletal and cognitive development during rearing to ensure the adult hen can support normal biologi...
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Microalgae: a unique source of poultry feed protein
This chapter reviews effects of supplemental full- or de-fatted microalgal biomass in diets for broiler chickens, laying hens, and other types of poultry on their production performance, meat and egg qualities, nutrient metabolism, and molecular responses. Different sources of microalgal biomass ...
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Production of doubled haploid lines for hybrid breeding in maize
The production of genetically homozygous inbred lines is essential for hybrid maize breeding. There is a strong interest in the use of DH lines in research and maize breeding due to their many advantages compared to inbred lines produced by the traditional method of recurrent selfing. This chapte...
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Instant insights: sweetpotato
This specially curated collection features three reviews of current topics and key research in sweetpotato.
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Assessing and improving the nutritional quality of maize
Conventional marker-assisted and GM breeding contribute to the production of new maize varieties to compete in the complex global agricultural marketplace. Breeders aim to improve quality and yield, create varieties that are suited to particular agricultural practices and raise the nutritional va...
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Advances in the genetic modification of soybeans
Transgenic soybean holds a significant share of the soybean market. However, the traits improved by genetic modification of soybean so far remain limited, with herbicide tolerance being the primary trait exhibited by genetically modified (GM) soybean. Several other agronomic traits could be usefu...
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Characteristics, potential and challenges of plant factories with artificial lighting (pfals): introduction
Plant factories with artificial lighting (PFALs) or vertical farms can contribute to solving global and local issues of food safety and security, protecting the environment, increasing demands for higher quality fresh foods, and reducing food mileage and food loss. However, current PFALs consume ...
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Zoonoses associated with pigs
Zoonoses are defined as diseases and infections that are transmitted between vertebrate animals and humans. Major food animal species occupy a special position within the framework of zoonotic disease. This is particularly the case in developed societies, where direct livestock contact has becom...
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Reconciling production and biodiversity in management of pastures and grasslands
Grasslands are crucial for the conservation of biodiversity across the world. Current agricultural practices have increasingly replaced grasslands by crops or managed them more intensively, resulting in a dramatic reduction of biodiversity. Is it possible to reconcile profitable grassland product...
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Supporting female smallholders
Smallholder women are pivotal in balancing rural food systems yet, they face several inequalities that make it difficult for them to sustainably intensify their operations. This chapter provides insights into how smallholder women can be supported for sustainable intensification. It uses qualitat...
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Insect pests of tea: shot hole borers, termites and nematodes
The tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L) O. Kuntze) is a perennial crop and every part of the plant is prone to infestation by some pest over its lifetime. The prevalence and occurrence of the pest is primarily determined by the specific agro-climatic conditions, the type of cultivar and the cultural...
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Application of genomic selection in commercial egg-type populations
The important traits for commercial egg production are lifetime egg production, feed consumed per egg produced, and various internal and external egg quality traits. These traits are expressed only in females and thus the selection of males can only be done indirectly based on the performance of ...
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Omics technologies for connecting host responses with poultry gut function
Optimal gut function is of importance to the whole metabolism of a chicken and thus also central to efficient feed conversion and optimal meat and egg production. State-of-the-art Omics technologies are currently available to gain a deeper insight into animal physiology. This chapter summarizes t...
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Developing hybrid banana varieties with improved properties
Banana production in Brazil includes different types of cultivars, with the Prata cultivar accounting for 70% of the crop area, followed by the Cavendish, Maçã, and plantain cultivars. In 2019, Brazil produced approximately 7 million tons of bananas in an area of 465,000 ha, which makes it one of...
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Instant insights: nutraceuticals in fruit and vegetables
This specially curated collection features three reviews of current and key research on nutraceuticals in fruit and vegetables.
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Advances in dairy cattle breeding to improve resistance to mastitis
Mastitis, an inflammatory response associated with bacterial infections, is generally regarded as the most-costly disease of dairy cattle because of its high incidence and effects on milk production and composition. Genetic selection for highly productive dairy cows has been very successful; howe...
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Optimising ruminal function: the role of silage and concentrate in dairy cow nutrition to improve feed efficiency and reduce methane and nitrogen emissions
Ruminant farm animals contribute significantly to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, but the emissions can be greatly reduced by nutrition. Sustainable dairy cow feeding strategy to mitigate GHG and N emissions should make the most of the unique ability of ruminants to convert local human-ine...
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Ruminal-ciliated protozoa
Research of the mammalian gut microbiome has in recent years been principally defined by the culture independent analysis of the genetic potential inherent to these microbial communities. However, there has been a renewed interest in culture-based studies of the gut microbiome to increase both th...
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Advances in understanding lipid requirements and utilization in dairy cattle
This chapter examines advances in understanding lipid requirements and utilisation in dairy cattle. The chapter begins by first highlighting the major lipid constituents found in dairy cow nutrition, such as free fatty acids, triglycerides, glycolipids and phospholipids. It then goes on to discus...
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Wheat curl mite ecology and epidemiology of its associated wheat viruses
The focus of this chapter will be to provide a review and update from recent literature on mite ecology and virus epidemiology that is most relevant to the management of the wheat curl mite and its associated viruses.
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Advances in turfgrass disease management
This particular chapter will cover recent advances in turfgrass disease management that promote sustainable suppression of the pathogens that cause diseases.
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Improving water and nutrient management in tomato cultivation
Agricultural practices for tomato production need to (1) fulfil the water and nutritional requirements of the crop for optimal production, (2) consider the environmental impact of production and (3) offer nutritious and safe tomatoes to consumers. This chapter focuses on irrigation and fertilizat...
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Improvement options for agricultural crop production for food, feed and bioenergy
Agriculture currently faces the dual challenges of both having to increase its overall biomass output while contributing to the mitigation of pressing global environmental changes. It is therefore urged to reconcile these challenges by drastically increasing its performance in the short term. Thi...
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Genomic selection, gene editing and genetic engineering for drought tolerance in cereals
This chapter provides the state of the art on genomic prediction of estimated breeding values (GEBV) for selection (or genomic selection) as well as on the use of genetic engineering for both gene editing and transgenic breeding in main cereals crops. Genomic selection has been successfully used ...
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Variety selection in wheat cultivation
Variation among wheat plants serves as the raw material for varietal development or plant breeding, allowing the selection of plants which are suited to particular environments, management methods or markets. The superiority of an identified line is normally validated through a series of trials, ...
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Modeling climate change impact on agro-ecosystem services
Agricultural landscapes are critical to producing food, and other ecosystem services - the vital benefits that flow from ecosystems to people. This chapter reviews how multiple ecosystem services may be impacted by climate change, broadly concluding that most impacts tend to be negative both on s...
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Integrated management of nematodes of coffee
This chapter reviews the main soil-based nematodes affecting coffee plants. In each case, the chapter discusses pest distribution and range, symptoms and damage caused, diagnosis, life cycle and control measures. These include preventative measures to limit movement of infected material, use of r...
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Disease surveillance, diagnostics and germplasm health in crop protection
Diseases caused by a range of established and emerging pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, oomycetes and viruses are among the persistent factors for the reduction in crop yields across sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Most damaging diseases are caused by introduced exotic pathogens and by locally evolve...
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Advances in molecular breeding of ornamentals
The history of flower breeding, discovery of genetic laws and their co-integration in early floricultural breeding programs led to an amazing array of seed- and vegetative-propagated ornamental floricultural crops for the worldwide market. While most early genetic research used flower crops as st...
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Commercial products promoting plant health in african agriculture
The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) usually delivers its products free of charge to national programmes and farmers, but in two projects described in this chapter, most costs were transferred to users through commercialization. This chapter explores the development and appl...
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