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Managing grassland systems to optimise livestock production
High prices of milk have encouraged intensive dairying systems using high inputs of chemical fertilisers, indoor feeding with high amounts of concentrate and imported protein at the expense of grazing. Consequently grassland acreage decreased considerably over the last 30 years, and the European ...
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Creating a public policy framework to support urban agriculture
This chapter reviews the development of urban agriculture policy making. It assesses the key dilemmas, challenges and tensions involved in creating policy frameworks for urban agriculture. The chapter discusses examples of cities that have developed an urban (food and) agriculture policy: Rosario...
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Key challenges in breeding durable disease-resistant cereals: north africa and west asia
This chapter reviews progress and challenges in breeding disease-resistant cereals in the West Asia and North Africa (WANA) region. It discusses challenges in ensuring durable resistance in the face of constantly-evolving pathogen threats. It includes case studies on progress in combatting rust d...
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Improving proteins to optimize photosynthesis
It is estimated that crop yields need to increase almost 50% by the year 2050 to feed the increasing world population. While most of this improvement will be accomplished using plant breeding and conventional agronomic methods, another promising tactic is to use plant molecular biology to improve...
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Improving the welfare of lambs
High lambing rates and maintaining high standards of lamb survival, health, nutrition and growth are essential for farm profitability, depending on the final product of sheep farming. The value assigned to lambs, the environment, farming tradition and economics of sheep farming will influence flo...
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Modelling water use on farms
This chapter presents computation and modelling approaches of crop water use and irrigation water requirements and discusses concepts of water use performance and productivity. The chapter also describes the main features of soil water balance and irrigation scheduling models. It focuses on the S...
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Ensuring the welfare of culled dairy cows during transport and slaughter
Every year, some cows are culled from dairy herds and sold through livestock markets and livestock dealers or sent directly to a slaughterhouse. Most of these cows are culled due to sickness or lameness, meaning that they are likely to experience pain and distress during marketing, transport and ...
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Advances in turfgrass insect pest management
This chapter addresses the advances in turfgrass insect pest management. It starts by first reviewing the recent studies of major turfgrass insect pests, such as annual bluegrass weevil, bill bugs, white grubs and fall armyworm. The chapter then moves on to discuss recent studies on emerging turf...
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Promoting carbon sequestration in soils: the importance of soil, region and context-specific interventions
Despite the importance of soil C reservoirs, global estimates of soil C stocks to different depths (0.5, 1, 2 or 3 m) are highly variable, obtained by diverse and non-standard procedures and are not available at all for several key ecosystems. Soil C stocks, which vary over time and space and wit...
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Advances in integrated pest management (ipm) in citrus cultivation
Effective cultivation of commercial citrus in the event of a Huanglongbing (HLB) outbreak depend on the development and implementation of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) for Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama and HLB grounded in understanding of conditions fostering biological...
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Achieving sustainable management of boreal and temperate forests
Forests deliver both economic benefits and a range of key ecosystem services. This collection reviews current research on optimising their use, from understanding tree physiology to improvements in planting, stand management, sustainable logging and product diversification.
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Preventing food losses and waste to achieve food security and sustainability
Around one third of all food production is lost or wasted. This book provides a comprehensive review of the causes and prevention of food losses and waste at key steps in the supply chain, for different commodities and across particular regions.
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Housing and the welfare of dairy cattle
In modern dairy farming, lactating cows and un-weaned calves are often housed indoors, in a restricted space, at high density, and/or separate from other animals. Such housing conditions affect the welfare of the animals by creating risks of illness and injuries and placing restrictions on behavi...
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Chemical control in ipm systems: advances in selective pesticides and application systems
The European Union has adopted integrated pest management (IPM) as a policy as part of the Sustainable Use of Pesticides Directive, in which chemical pesticides are used as a last resort. Bringing IPM into the policy for crop protection has focussed attention on using more selective pesticides an...
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Understanding the biochemistry of c₃ photosynthesis in crop plants
The C3 cycle is the primary biochemical pathway for fixation of atmospheric CO₂ in over 85% of plants, including the major crop species. This pathway is autocatalytic involving eleven enzymes catalysing 13 reactions and provides carbon compounds directly for the synthesis of isoprenoids, sucrose,...
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Global coffee production and sustainability
This chapter discusses trends in coffee production, particularly factors affecting the low share of global revenue received by smallholders responsible for a large share of production. This situation has profound consequences for the economic and environmental sustainability of smallholder coffee...
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Quantifying earthworm community structures as indicators of soil health
Whilst the presence of earthworms is used by many farmers as a general indicator of soil health, measurement is generally subjective. The chapter reviews current challenges in collecting more systematic and reliable data on earthworm communities, including issues in identifying epigeic, endogeic ...
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Advances in nutrient management in greenhouse cultivation
Precise nutrient management is essential to produce high-quality and high-yielding greenhouse crops while limiting cost and environmental damage. Traditional nutrient management strategies are being replaced by new types of fertilizers combined with precision delivery and management. This chapter...
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Integrated disease management in tree nut cultivation
Integrated disease management and use of protocols and products that minimize the environmental impact are paramount needs in the cultivation of tree nuts. In this chapter, such approaches are proposed for chestnut cultivation and, specifically, for the management and mitigation of damage caused ...
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Optimizing maize-based cropping systems: sustainability, good agricultural practices (gap) and yield goals
Sustainable maize production is profitable for the farmer, protects the natural resource base, including maintaining and improving soil productivity, prevents environmental degradation beyond the field, improves the quality of life of individuals and communities and ensures the nutritional value ...
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Conservation agriculture in eurasia
This chapter provides an overview of the current state, challenges and avenues for the further promotion of Conservation Agriculture (CA) in the Eurasia region . There is no unified statistics and data collection system for CA in the region. However, the estimated area under CA is about 10-11 mil...
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Diseases affecting ornamental geophytes and their control
Geophytes represent a significant segment of the world floriculture industry, particularly in cut flower production. This chapter reviews the main biotic and abiotic diseases affecting geophytes. It summarizes current good practice in integrated disease management with a particular focus on reduc...
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Improving data standards and integration for more effective decision-making in agriculture
The development of digital agriculture or smart farming highlights the importance of data and data exchange. This chapter discusses how to achieve data standardization as a critical success factor in agricultural decision-making. It emphasizes the importance of starting from understanding busines...
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Advances in understanding plant root behaviour and rootzone management in soilless culture systems
A healthy and vigorous root system is essential in soilless plant cultivation. The primary function of roots in soilless systems is water and nutrient uptake. Root nutrient uptake has three characteristics: (1) selective, (2) accumulative, and (3) genotype dependent. Many factors can affect root ...
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Egg quality: consumer preferences and measurement techniques
This chapter addresses consumer perceptions of egg quality and how the quality characteristics of eggs can be measured by using a variety of instrumental techniques. First, we consider what features consumers connect with egg quality. Fast, non-destructive techniques for providing an objective as...
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The use and abuse of cereals, legumes and crop residues in rations for dairy cattle
The production of animal feed requires a significant amount of water, competes with food production through the allocation of arable land, and restricts organic matter availability for soil health. Once feed is consumed, inefficient conversion then contributes to greenhouse gas emissions and othe...
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Developing effective product dossiers for regulatory approval of new animal feed products
This chapter describes the key steps in compiling product dossiers required to gain regulatory approval for new animal feed products. As an example, the chapter describes the data needed for a feed additive dossier in the European Union (EU) as mandated by the European Food Standards Agency (EFSA).
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Hybrid potato breeding for improved varieties
Hybrid potato breeding promises to create new cultivars within a few years. This would facilitate the introgression of genes by marker-assisted selection. In addition, hybrid cultivars can be made available as true seeds, free of soil-borne pathogens, quick to multiply and easy to transport and s...
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The sustainable intensification of smallholder farming systems
This volume reviews recent research on effective support to improve smallholder livelihoods. After discussing the economics of smallholder farming, the book looks at access to key inputs before assessing ways of improving extension and other services to support sustainable production practices.
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Avocado: an introduction to the fruit and its pre- and postharvest processing
This chapter is a general introduction to avocado cultivation and crop, the development and current status of the avocado industry. It describes the origin and history of the avocados, the distribution, the global production and economical value. It demonstrates the high nutritional and health va...
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Using phenotyping techniques to analyse crop functionality and photosynthesis
With climate change the occurrence of extreme weather events will increase, making stress resilience an essential trait for future crop breeding. Whilst we have a good understanding of the effect of single stress factors on photosynthesis, there is a knowledge gap on how combined stresses affect ...
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Developing improved varieties of faba bean
The faba bean is an important cool-season food legume crop grown under different cropping systems for dry grain and green pods, animal feed and a green manure worldwide. This chapter presents the major research achievements in producing new varieties of faba bean tolerant of heat, drought and her...
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Addressing nutritional disorders in cassava cultivation
Cassava is drought-tolerant and grows reasonably well in relatively infertile soils where other crops would fail. However, production could be further increased if important soil-related constraints are addressed. In order to supply cassava plants with the nutrients required for optimal productio...
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Improving gut function in pigs to prevent dysbiosis and post-weaning diarrhoea
Post-weaning diarrhoea (PWD) is a significant enteric disease causing considerable economic losses for the pig industry. There are multiple factors for why pigs develop diarrhea post-weaning and require treatment with antibiotics. The condition ‘dysbiosis’ can be considered as an ecosystem where ...
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Protecting natural capital and biodiversity in agricultural supply chains: introduction
This chapter provides an introduction to protecting natural capital and biodiversity in agricultural supply chains. After a brief overview, the chapter goes on to summarise what the volume is about by focusing on the areas that are covered in the rest of the chapters, such as ways to address biod...
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Weed ecology and population dynamics
Agricultural trends, including a global rise in herbicide-resistant weed genotypes and a growing demand for food produced with minimal external synthetic inputs, are driving producer interest in reducing reliance on herbicides for weed management. An improved understanding of weed ecology can sup...
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Rethinking and engaging with animal health in organic farming
The organic principle of health highlights ‘the wholeness and integrity of living systems’. It is not simply the absence of illness, but the maintenance of physical, mental, social and ecological well-being. We often articulate health as simply ‘disease freedom’. However, this chapter argues that...
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Sustainably meeting the nutrient requirements of grazing sheep
In order to be sustainable, sheep rearing systems must be sufficiently flexible to respond to variable conditions and feed availability. This chapter argues that sustainable sheep management works with the resources available at a given place or time and learns from the sheep themselves. The chap...
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Advances in abiotic stress-resistant varieties of ornamentals
Ornamental plants face a range of abiotic stresses which are likely to increase with the effects of climate. This chapter reviews ways of improving resistance to a wide range of stresses: low and high temperatures, drought, waterlogging and saline conditions as well as poor soil quality.
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Developments in commercial scale farming of microalgae and seaweeds
Expanding markets for microalgae and macroalgae products have led to increased development of commercial farming operations. While microalgae and macroalgae, or seaweed, have historically been harvested in many parts of globe, more recent developments seek to improve productivity, decrease produc...
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Advances in understanding color development in poultry meat
The demand for poultry meat will surpass other meats as an animal protein source. Poultry is considered white meat due to its lower myoglobin content than red meats. Consumers often associate fresh meat color with quality. Any deviation from a consumer-preferred color leads to less acceptance. Th...
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Advances in the use of robotics in orchard operations
Agriculture has witnessed transformative innovation and technology adoption over the past 100 years including tractors, combine harvesters, and auto-steering techniques. These mechanized or automated machines relieved a huge population around the world from hard labor in challenging farming envir...
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Trade-offs between management and conservation for the provision of ecosystem services in the southern patagonian forests
Forests provide critical ecosystem services for human well-being; however, some ecosystem services are more valued (e.g. provisioning services) than others (e.g. regulating or supporting services). Temperate regions contain several forests affected by humans, mainly with regard to ecosystem servi...
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Optimising reproductive management to maximise dairy herd health and production
Reproduction is central to the operation of a dairy herd through initiating lactation and providing replacement animals and offspring for sale. This chapter outlines the steps required to detect reproductive problems and limitations in cows and herds. It then elaborates some strategies to overcom...
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Advances in the use of biological control agents in the disinfection of horticultural produce
This chapter reviews advances in the use of biological control agents in the disinfection of horticultural produce. It discusses plant extracts and animal-based materials as postharvest treatments, the discovery of microbial antagonists and their mode of action. It also reviews the integration of...
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Coffee tree growth and environmental acclimation
In this chapter, some aspects of coffee growth and development as well as the recent advances in the environmental physiology of growth and production are reviewed. The information deals with both Coffea arabica and C. canephora, which together account for 99% of coffee bean production worldwide....
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Good agricultural practices: an end point or a starting point for more sustainable banana production?
Bananas, a longstanding export crop, have not been immune from consumer concerns about food safety and the environmental and human health impacts of production. About half of export banana production is certified under four labels – GlobalGap, Organic, FairTrade and Rainforest – based on Good Agr...
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Genetic engineering of tomato to improve nutritional quality, resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses, and for non-food applications
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is an excellent plant model for unravelling physiological processes, fruit quality and shelf-life determinants, such as stress-responsive signalling, pathogenicity and ripening in climacteric fruits. Consumer awareness of tomato as a phytonutrient source of lycope...
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