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Natural capital and biodiversity accounting in the dairy industry: the case of valio group
This chapter addresses the enhancement of and reporting on natural capital and biodiversity within the dairy industry as part of one company's broader sustainable development strategy. The chapter focuses on the dairy industry, as it is heavily dependent on natural and animal resources and also u...
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Microbial bioprotectants and the marketplace
This chapter focuses on microbial bioprotectants and the marketplace. The chapter begins by first discussing the latest figure in terms of microbial bioprotectants global market value. It also highlights the different types and ways these bioprotectants can be used. The chapter also discusses the...
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Optimizing urban beekeeping
Beekeeping, or apiculture, is an agricultural pursuit that has witnessed a dramatic rise in popularity in the past decade in many urban areas across the world as individuals and groups react to the widespread concern about the global decline populations of pollinating insects. This chapter provid...
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Instant insights: rust diseases of cereals
This collection provides a comprehensive overview of the range of rust pathogens affecting cereal production, focussing on wheat, barley and sorghum production. Chapters discuss the epidemiology of key rust pathogens, as well as the current challenges faced by farmers wishing to control cereal ru...
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Pressures on tropical forests: agriculture, trade and illegality
This chapter reviews some of the main pressures on tropical forests, starting with an overview of recent rates of deforestation. The drivers of this loss of tropical forests are summarised, and the main ones – clearance of forests for agriculture, often linked to global trade flows, and, to a les...
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Improving soil health and crop nutrition in oil palm cultivation
Soil health is increasingly regarded as a key factor in oil palm nutrition and productivity. This chapter presents the current state of knowledge about soil and nutrient management through several examples of efficient and productive oil palm cultivation. The chapter highlights the challenges whi...
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Chemical contaminants in milk
Developments in analytical technology now allow the identification of some contaminants in milk that were not previously considered. It is critically important that mechanisms are devised to eliminate or reduce these contaminants below the maximum limit allowed by food safety regulations. Thus, t...
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Control of infectious diseases in dairy cattle
This chapter describes the developments to control infectious diseases in the dairy cattle industry, and outlines recent research in this area. A risk analysis approach is presented as a framework for managing infectious diseases at global and farm level. Disease hazards, and the release and expo...
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Dietary health benefits, phytochemicals and anti-nutritional factors in grain legumes
Legumes are a significant source of essential nutrients including dietary fibres, proteins, dietary minerals, and carbohydrates. Abundant in both soluble and insoluble fibre, legumes support colonic and overall health. The chapter describes the impact of grain legume consumption on inflammation, ...
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Improving water use in tropical rain-fed systems: the situation in india
The quantity of available water and land has not increased since 1950, but the availability of water and land per capita has declined significantly due to an increased global human population. Global food security for this growing population requires careful management of water resources. In this...
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Meeting energy requirements in pig nutrition
The level of energy in a pig’s diet influences the rate and efficiency of gain, the quality of the resulting carcass and even the quality of the pork produced from the carcass. However, energy requirements and energy use in pigs are not well understood, due to the complexity of the topic. Unlike ...
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Understanding states of suffering with implications for improved management of poultry
The causes of the main states of suffering experienced by poultry species, namely fear, frustration and pain, are listed and the behavioural symptoms are described. Birds can be frightened by stimuli that are (1) sudden and intense, (2) novel, and (3) signalling special evolutionary dangers. The ...
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Host–pathogen interactions and genetic tools for resistance to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
Porcine reproductive and respiratory virus (PRRSV) is responsible for serious losses to the global pig industry and is emblematic of the modern infection disease problem. Respiratory disease caused by PRRSV is the result of a complex interaction of the virus with lung macrophages. PRRSV is unique...
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Investigating the biology of rice blast disease and prospects for durable resistance
There are important biological process involved in rice blast disease that are now well-studied during the early events in plant infection which include: the cell biology of appressorium formation, the biology of invasive growth and effector secretion, the two distinct mechanisms of effector secr...
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Seed germination, preservation and population genetics of wild musa germplasm
Bananas and plantains (Musa spp.) are amongst the most important tropical and subtropical food crops in the world. In order to reduce the impact of biotic and abiotic factors on banana cultivation, it is important to allow for a genetic enrichment of the currently cultivated genepool. Crop Wild R...
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Advances and challenges in blueberry breeding
Efforts have steadily increased towards understanding the biological processes underlying key physiological traits in blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum). Studies have shown high levels of genetic diversity are present within this species, much of which remains to be harnessed. This chapter introduc...
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Advances in breeding of coconut
The coconut, Cocos nucifera L. was once the most important palm crop in the humid tropics. After an introduction to the current extent of coconut cultivation and uses, this chapter discusses the origins and botany of coconut. It then reviews available genetic resources. The chapter goes on to rev...
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Modelling the environmental impacts of agriculture, focusing on oil palm
Cultivation of crops affects the environment via flows of energy and materials. Impacts are felt in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, surrounding terrestrial ecosystems and the field itself. Models are useful tools for improving our understanding of the processes and predicting how they might be affec...
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Introduction: meeting challenges in plant health in sub-saharan africa
This volume is a review of plant health research and its implementation by the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) and its collaborators worldwide to celebrate IITA’s fiftieth anniversary. It addresses plant health issues of global importance in sub-Saharan Africa, including hu...
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Considerations with selecting turfgrass varieties and cultivars
The National Turfgrass Evaluation Program (NTEP) conducts trials of turfgrass species across the USA and Canada. NTEP data collected since 1981 is publicly available at www.ntep.org. Data is collected on more than 100 parameters including key factors in sustainable turfgrass selection. Selection ...
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The impact of organic agriculture on diet and health
Consumers of organic vegetables tend to consume them in higher amounts and with more concentrated phytochemicals, so any benefits of phytochemicals for human health are doubled for a typical consumer of organic food. This chapter explores the associations between organic consumption and diet choi...
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Bioprocessing of microalgal proteins and their applications in the cosmetic, nutraceutical and food industries
Microalgae have long been recognised for their nutritional value and high protein contents. With the increasing demand for “vegan protein” and concerns for global food security, microalgal protein is finding renewed interest. Microalgae are highly productive and can be grown without competing for...
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Integrated disease management of wheat and barley
Diseases remain a serious problem in cereal cultivation. The first parts of the book review current research on fungal diseases of cereals and the challenge of fungicide resistance. The book then discusses breeding resistant varieties and methods for integrated disease management of cereals.
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Measuring and monitoring soil carbon sequestration
The monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) of soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration following management changes is complex due to the multitude of influencing factors related to ecosystem processes but also due to (socio-)economic or legal requirements. Several protocols for MRV applicat...
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Improving welfare in catching and transport of chickens
The pre-slaughter phase is the last stage of meat production and for broiler chickens entails feed and water withdrawal, catching, loading, transportation and lairage. Major stressors during pre-slaughter include rough handling, overstocking, thermal stress, and prolonged feed and water withdrawa...
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Mechanisms of drought tolerance in rice
Rice is especially sensitive to drought stress during reproductive growth. Drought mitigation, through development of drought- resistant varieties with higher yields, will be the key factor to improve stable rice production. This chapter reviews the following topics: mechanisms of drought resista...
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Management of viruses and virus-like agents affecting apple production
Viruses and virus-like agents have recurring impact on quality fruit production throughout the life of an orchard. They are graft-transmissible and are readily disseminated through the use of infected budwood. Since many of these agents do not have arthropod or nematode vectors, the most effectiv...
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Closed-loop precision farming technologies to optimize resource use
Agriculture continues to play an integral role in the growth of the economy of any country, not only as a means of livelihood for the population but also as their main source of food. Therefore, identifying strategies that can promote the productivity of agriculture is a key priority as it enhanc...
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Sensory properties of milk: understanding and analysis
Quality fresh milk is generally described by consumers familiar with the milk type as quite mild flavoured, with core creamy and sweet notes and a smooth, relatively rich mouthfeel. There are flavour differences that are species-specific, but these are overlaid within and between species by flavo...
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Ruminal viruses and extrachromosomal genetic elements
The rumen contains a complex microbial ecosystem populated by prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) and eukaryotes (protozoa and fungi) highly adapted to the fermentation of solely herbivorous feeds, and to survival in a gut environment. In the rumen there are also dense viral populations which both...
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Developments in thermal imaging techniques to assess livestock health
This chapter reviews the use of infrared thermography as a tool in precision livestock farming to assess livestock health. It assesses key challenges such as accounting to ambient environmental conditions as well as the development of infrared thermography technologies to address these challenges...
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Biotic alternatives to antibiotics for poultry gastrointestinal health and food safety applications: prebiotics, postbiotics and associated compounds
Despite several efforts to develop control measures to reduce the contamination of poultry products, foodborne illness remains a major concern to the processors as well as the consumers. A wide range of interventions have been applied both in postharvest settings as well as in preharvest live bir...
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Development of rice varieties with improved iron content in grain
Iron deficiency constitutes one of the most prevalent forms of micronutrient deficiencies affecting human health. Biofortification of food crops is suggested as a suitable approach to address iron deficiency in a sustainable and cost-effective manner. Rice, a staple food for over half of the worl...
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Challenges and opportunities for smallholders in banana value chains
Bananas and plantains play a major role in terms of global food security and household incomes in banana-producing countries. Banana production and yields are affected by a variety of factors, including availability of labour, soil degradation, access to clean planting material, management of pes...
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Assessing the economic value of agricultural biodiversity: a critical perspective
This chapter reviews developments in methods to assess the economic value of agricultural biodiversity, outlines their limitations and proposes a possible, novel way forward. The chapter discusses the different definitions of agrobiodiversity. It then highlights ways of evaluating agrobiodiversit...
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Consumer trends in apple sales
Different participants in the global apple market have different goals. Consumer trends are influenced by numerous supply and demand factors. This chapter reviews the influence of suppliers and retailers on apple sales. It describes the global forces affecting apple demand. It explains the recent...
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Developing seaweed/macroalgae as feed for pigs
Macroalgae are a promising source of nutritional ingredients including proteins, polysaccharides and minerals. The need to increase animal and feed production has increased interest in macroalgae as underutilised resources with promising applications as alternative animal feeds. This chapter summ...
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Instant insights: regulatory frameworks for new agricultural products and technologies
This book provides a unique overview of the legal and regulatory challenges facing the development and commercialisation of new agricultural products and technologies, including cultured meat, genome editing, bioprotectants, biopesticides and novel animal feed ingredients.
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Advances in understanding contamination of fresh produce by salmonella
Salmonella is a frequent etiologic agent for foodborne illnesses acquired via consumption of plant-based foods. This may be attributed to the adaptability of this pathogen to various environments and hosts, including plants. Salmonella has a broad capacity to associate with fresh produce crops fr...
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The economics of smallholder farming
Sustainable agriculture is possible when smallholder farmers overcome economic barriers to establish profitable farm businesses. This chapter outlines key economic factors of land, labour, capital and inputs which impact the production costs. Access to markets influences the farmer’s ability to...
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Developments in housing of cattle to promote health and welfare
While housing systems have served to provide shelter and protection from predation, they have also been associated with negative effects on cow health and welfare. Efforts in the dairy sector have had significant impact on transition cow housing, feeding and resting behaviors, and protection from...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of oil palm volume 2
The second in this two-volume sequence discusses advances in understanding and managing pests and diseases. It also reviews ways of assessing its nutritional qualities as well as in measuring and minimising its environment impact.
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Improving regulatory approval processes for biopesticides and other new biological technologies in agriculture
This chapter reviews the progress that has been made in adapting plant protection regulations to the specific needs of biopesticides in Europe and rest of the world. They do need to be regulated as they can give rise to some environmental and other challenges, but existing regulations have been t...
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Plant biostimulants: a new paradigm for the sustainable intensification of crops
Biostimulants are applied to crop plants in the aim of modifying plant physiological functions and of increasing crop productivity or quality. They may be regarded as some kind of ‘functional ingredients’ in plant nutrition, distinct from fertilizers and plant protectants. Despite the agricultura...
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Combining plant biostimulants and precision agriculture
Precision application of biostimulants on a site-specific basis is a great opportunity for optimizing biostimulant efficacy and returns. This chapter looks at the available tools and emerging technologies for the monitoring and management of soil and crops, in order to address spatial and tempora...
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Modelling the impact of climate change on agriculture in australia and oceania
In the past few decades, the Oceania region has experienced a general trend of rising temperature, increased rainfall variability, declining rainfall in parts of Australia and New Zealand, and increased rainfall, particularly extreme events in other parts of the Oceanian region. These changes pos...
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Improving dairy herd health
This volume reviews advances in on-farm herd health management to prevent and limit disease amongst dairy cattle. It surveys advances in disease epidemiology and monitoring, ways of optimising cattle immune function as well as enhancing health at different stages in the life cycle.
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Understanding rumen lipid metabolism to optimize dairy products for enhanced human health and to monitor animal health
Rumen lipid metabolism largely determines the fatty acid composition of dairy products. As such, milk fatty acids can be used as indicators of ruminal and hence animal health. Control of rumen metabolism might also facilitate the production of dairy products enriched in unsaturated fatty acids fo...
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