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Pasture systems for pigs
The inclusion of pastures in outdoor pig systems contributes significantly to improving the sustainability of these farming systems. This chapter examines the characteristics of pasture pig systems, including forages and pasture management as well the effects of pasture on meat quality. The chapt...
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Advances in irrigation practices and technology in ornamental cultivation
Two issues will likely dominate irrigation and water management for ornamental cultivation in the coming years, namely the decreasing availability of fresh water for agricultural use and environmental concerns that will increasingly limit the runoff of water with any contaminants from commercial ...
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Instant insights: poultry housing systems
This collection features five peer-reviewed literature reviews on poultry housing systems.
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Ensuring biosecurity in sugarcane cultivation
Biosecurity in sugarcane cultivation is an important factor in maintaining and improving yields. It can refer to the day-to-day management of established pests, diseases and weeds, as well as preparing for unusual threats to the industry, and safeguarding agriculture and natural resources. This c...
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The challenge of monitoring biodiversity in agricultural landscapes at the eu level
This chapter reviews current surveys of biodiversity in agricultural areas at the EU level. The chapter describes established surveys, ongoing pilots and plans for new surveys at the EU scale. The chapter assesses where we will stand in the short-medium term with our knowledge of agro-biodiversit...
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What is ‘drought stress’ and what are options to increase crop yield?
‘Drought’ is vague and ill-defined term that fails to account for the temporal dynamics through the growing seasons due to variable weather conditions, soil water status, plant development stage, and crop growth conditions. These variables all lead to an infinity of responses to water deficit. ...
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Drainage systems to support sustainable water use
In arid and semi-arid regions of the world, rainfall is supplemented by irrigation, and drainage is needed to prevent irrigation-induced waterlogging and soil salinization. Drainage systems are man-made systems that are only implemented when natural drainage is insufficient for a satisfactory for...
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Banana blood disease
Blood disease of banana is a bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia syzygii subsp. celebesensis. The symptoms of Blood disease include wilting, chlorosis and necrosis of leaves, red/brown vascular staining, and pulp-rot of the fruit. The disease was first reported in 1905 from southern Sulawesi and w...
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The role of crop rotations in organic farming
Crop rotations are defined in terms of a number of crops organized in a specific order over a defined period of time, with specific spatial arrangements and distribution in a field and landscape, that ensures the best growing conditions for all crops. Crop rotation is thus a way to utilize the pe...
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Understanding and improving the functional and nutritional properties of milk
This collection reviews and summarises our current understanding of the functional and nutritional properties of milk to ensure it can be optimised both as a food and as a key ingredient in dairy products.
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The colour of poultry meat: understanding, measuring and maintaining product quality
The colour of poultry meat is often the first thing used by consumers to assess meat quality, and so it plays a vital role in purchasing decisions. This chapter begins by reviewing the fundamentals of meat pigments, including the chemistry of haem pigments. It then considers the colours of fresh,...
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Advances in sugarcane irrigation for optimisation of water supply
A long-standing water deficit outside the pre-harvest stage may reduce sugarcane yield and, as climate changes, irrigation presents a major challenge to improving sugarcane crop performance and extending cultivated areas. This chapter describes the water requirements of sugarcane and current irri...
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Imaging soil structure to measure soil functions and soil health with x-ray computed micro-tomography
The use of non-invasive imaging techniques expands opportunities to characterize soil health and functioning, complementing the information from the traditional soil structure analyses. Soil pore architecture drives water and gas fluxes, chemical transport, activity and movement of soil biota; an...
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Breeding, delivery, use and benefits of bio-fortified cassava
Cassava’s high caloric value, as well as its ability to tolerate dry conditions and poor soils, makes it a key food security crop in developing countries, particularly in Africa. It serves as a rich source of carbohydrates, and also contains appreciable amounts of calcium and vitamin C. However, ...
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Advances in understanding the epidemiology, molecular biology and control of net blotch and the net blotch barley interaction
Net blotches are the most widely distributed foliar diseases of barley worldwide, causing significant losses in grain yield. They occur as net form net blotch, caused by Pyrenophora teres f. teres and spot form net blotch caused by P. teres f. maculata. Both sexual and asexual reproduction play a...
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Food losses and waste in cereal grains
This chapter reviews the extent and causes of food loss and waste (FLW) in cereal grains and the rationale for reducing FLW in these staple crops. It also looks at ways of preventing post-harvest losses through methods such as: maintaining optimum grain moisture content, the use of modified and c...
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Crop modelling to support sustainable sugarcane cultivation
The chapter describes the use of crop simulation models to support research and management of sustainable cultivation of sugarcane. It supplies case studies of strategic applications, including benchmarking of crop productivity and resource use and assessing environmental impacts of current opera...
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Advances in understanding and improving the nutraceutical properties of cranberries
American cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon) are commonly consumed as juice, dried fruit or dietary supplement and a rich source of phytochemicals, particularly A-type proanthocyanidins and anthocyanins. Cranberries are perhaps best known for their protection against urinary tract infections, a b...
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Organic systems for raising poultry
An organic system for raising poultry aims to provide a sustainable method of rearing poultry in an environment that allows natural behaviour to be expressed, and which eliminates pesticides, herbicides and other chemicals from feed, growing environment and carcass processing. This chapter review...
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Advances in instrumental analysis of dairy products
This chapter discusses advances in instrumental analysis of dairy products. The chapter focuses on areas in which there have been significant advances in the last 10-20 years either in the analytical technology itself or, in some cases, where existing technology has found new areas of application...
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Effect of far-red light on improving yields of tomatoes produced in vertical farms
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the major crops cultivated globally and one of the most important vegetable crops in the world. While open field production is the primary method for producing freshly consumed tomatoes, protected environment production has seen rapid expansion in recent...
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Closed-loop combined crop-livestock farming systems
The global demand for animal-sourced foods has led to an expansion and intensification of livestock production, resulting in complex environmental and ecological challenges. In the 1960s and 1970s, leys played a crucial role in cropping systems. However, the pursuit of increased production to mee...
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Environmental physiology of ornamental crops
Ornamental horticulture is one of the most challenging sectors of agriculture. Growers produce hundreds of species from all over the world to market at a specific time of year or for a holiday. To achieve this, growers must have a sophisticated understanding of the environmental physiology of pla...
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Advances in understanding insect pests of vegetables: a case study of sweetpotato weevil
Sweetpotato is one of the world’s most important vegetables, and has added value as an organic, health food and as a biofuel alternative source of energy. The sweetpotato weevil (SPW), Cylas formicarius (Coleoptera: Brentidae, Gyladinae), originated in South Asia and spread by humans has resulted...
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Instant insights: drought-resistant crops
This collection features four peer-reviewed literature reviews on drought-resistant crops.
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Community-based conservation of crop genetic resources
This chapter explores the current state of research, knowledge and practice of community-based conservation in the context of continued farmer-driven processes and the emergence of diverse external interventions. Autonomous community-based conservation is largely powered by farmer demand for crop...
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Dealing with the challenge of antibiotic resistance in pig production
This chapter describes the practice of antibiotic use in food animal production, with a particular focus on pigs, and the various questions this practice raises. The chapter begins with a brief history of antibiotic use in livestock production before examining the current state of research focuse...
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Use of probiotics and prebiotics in pig nutrition in the post-weaning period
Prebiotics and probiotics have attracted considerable interest as alternatives or replacements for growth-promoting antibiotics and/or some heavy metals in diets for pigs, particularly in the post-weaning period where the newly weaned pig is subject to considerable challenges in its new environme...
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Developing decision support systems for crop yield forecasts
This chapter discusses existing yield forecasting systems in which the yield forecasts are driven by integration of different data sources, such as output of crop modeling, remote sensing and gridded climate datasets. It first provides overviews of the two predominant modeling approaches— crop si...
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Agriculture and the environment: ethical issues
Everyone involved in agriculture has a responsibility for ensuring that they are aware of the ethical dimensions of their practices and act accordingly. In this manner, the impacts that agriculture have on the environment deserve critical ethical attention. The emergence of sustainability as a vi...
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Defining and ensuring animal welfare in pig production: an overview
Raising pigs for consumption involves the exercise of control over the quality and duration of their lives, and it is widely accepted that there is a duty to exercise this control humanely. This chapter begins by reviewing three conceptual frameworks which can be used to consider and assess anima...
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Genetic factors affecting fertility, growth, health and longevity in dairy cattle
Inclusion of secondary or ‘functional’ traits in breeding objectives began in earnest only in the late 1990. By 2009, production traits accounted for less than 50% of the indices in most advanced countries. Breeding for fertility, health traits and herd life (HL) was hindered due to difficulty of...
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Insect pests and their management in sorghum cultivation
Integrated pest management (IPM) is a practical approach that uses a combination of methods, including cultural, biological and chemical controls, to keep pest abundance or damage below economic loss. This chapter describes ways to prevent damaging infestations, as well as evaluate pest abundanc...
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Developing barley crops for improved brewing quality
Barley remains the most important raw material for the brewing industry. Consequently, breeders strive to develop barley varieties for the brewhouse that enable an energy efficient and economical industrial brewing process. However, converting barley into beer is a complex process involving sever...
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Advances in sanitising techniques and their assessment for assuring the safety of fresh produce
Fresh produce accounts for the majority of foodborne illness outbreaks and >30% of food waste attributed to premature spoilage. To date, pathogen control has been focused on the pre-harvest stage, in the form of testing and Good Agricultural Practice, given the limited efficacy of post-harvest...
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Micronutrients: advances in understanding manganese cycling in soils, acquisition by plants and ways of optimizing manganese efficiency in crops
Manganese (Mn) is an essential micronutrient for all living organisms acting as a metal co-factor for approximately 6% of all known metalloenzymes. Photosynthesis is very sensitive to disturbances in plant availability of Mn, and both Mn deficiency and toxicity lead to distinct disturbances withi...
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Smart post-harvest technology to maintain quality and safety in fresh produce supply chains
In this chapter the main challenges for the postharvest management of fresh produce are summarised. Key areas where the use of new smart technologies can improve crop management are explored, starting with how environmental sensors can be integrated into internet of things (IoT) systems with pote...
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Developments in monitoring grazing behaviour and automated grazing management in extensive systems
This chapter provides an overview of the development and use of information technology to improve the management and welfare of grazing livestock under extensive systems. It discusses the evolution of grazing management through the animal/pasture interface, and the development and application of ...
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Application of genomic selection (gs) in breeding commercial meat-type chickens
This chapter describes the implementation stages of genomic selection in meat-type chickens (broilers), beginning from the initial phase of testing the methodology to current developments where the technology has been consolidated into the commercial breeding programmes. This chapter focuses on b...
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Vertical farming systems for urban agriculture
Judging by the rapid growth of the vertical farm industry over recent years, vertical farming is projected to become a common feature of the built environment on a global scale within the next 10–20 years. This chapter describes and evaluates technologies and methods for growing edible plants ind...
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Bacterial and viral diseases affecting sheep
Numerous infectious diseases are known to affect sheep. Some of these, known as zoonosis, are transmissible to humans, while some must be reported to government agencies in order to allow monitoring of potential outbreaks and ensure that appropriate action is taken to limit losses. This chapter a...
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Optimizing livestock farming in urban agriculture
This chapter summarizes the importance of urbanization and how this increases the consumption of livestock products (LP). This increased demand, alongside infrastructure challenges making transporting and storing LP challenging, encourages urban livestock, close to the final consumer. While data ...
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Life cycle assessment methodology for agriculture: some considerations for best practices
Life cycle assessment (LCA), a method that originates from the manufacturing industry, is increasingly applied to agricultural systems as a more holistic perspective and approach with respect to managing agricultural product life cycles. However, the practice of applying LCA to agricultural syste...
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Advances in avocado propagation for the sustainable supply of planting materials
Avocado is a high-value horticultural crop desired for its premium nutritional qualities. Commercial trees are propagated by grafting wood from a fruiting cultivar onto a rootstock variety. Rootstocks are commonly seedlings derived from any available seed in the growing region. This often results...
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Disorder of digestion and metabolism in dairy cattle: the case of subacute rumen acidosis
Excessive fermentation in the rumen as a result of energy-rich diets decreases ruminal pH and leads to a digestive disorder called ruminal acidosis. This chapter examines one kind of acidosis, subacute rumen acidosis (SARA), and includes a detailed case study on SARA risk in the post-partum phase...
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Mycorrhizae and soil health
Mycorrhizal fungi establish symbiotic associations with roots of ~80% of plant families and have an important role in sustaining plant growth and soil health. This chapter explores the diverse roles of mycorrhizal fungi in mediating soil ecosystem services and improving soil health, including agg...
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Improving fertilizer and water-use efficiency in mango cultivation
The irrigation requirements of mango have not been adequately investigated, and very few studies have been conducted on regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) strategies at different phenological stages. The aim of this chapter is to suggest how research in the field of irrigation and fertilization c...
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Harmful compounds in coffee
In recent years, public health issues in the food industry have led to regulations concerning contaminants in foodstuffs, including coffee. Four main types of compound are known to contaminate coffee. First, pesticides come from agricultural treatments, transport and storage. Ochratoxin A is the ...
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