In the two last centuries, diseases and pests from Asia have been introduced in chestnut plantations in both Northern America and Southern Europe, jeopardizing indigenous populations and some local chestnut varieties. The societal demand for chestnut in these countries has considerably increased, and recent developments in the field of tree genome mapping and sequencing open up new perspectives for breeders with different applications which rely on knowledge of the genome. This chapter describes breeding for resistance to diseases threatening chestnut orchards and outlines a French program for breeding for ink-resistant rootstocks. The chapter then examines breeding for resistance to gall wasps, breeding for fruit quality and efforts in Japan to breed for ‘peel-ability’ of chestnuts. Finally, the chapter describes future research trends in this area and provides detailed guidance on further reading.