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Optimizing livestock manure as a source of nitrogen and other nutrients
Manure has long been recognized as a valuable source of nutrients. The product is dynamic, and an understanding of both chemical and biological mechanisms is required to optimize its use. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of manure. Here, the basics of manure composition, collection,...
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Advances in crop disease forecasting models
Diseases are widespread and destructive, causing severe yield quantity and quality losses, increasing agricultural production costs, and cumulative human health and environmental risks and impacts. Climate change is anticipated to exacerbate current losses, by introducing complexity and uncertain...
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Developing alternative sources of protein in pig nutrition: insects
Over the past 50 years, global pig production has quadrupled and is predicted to continue to rise. Combined with a changing climate, the pig production industry needs to adopt new feed sources and production systems to remain efficient and sustainable. This chapter reviews the current state of in...
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Advances in nutrient/substrate sources/composition for rearing yellow mealworms as a protein source
This chapter focuses on the impact of various substrates on the nutritional quality – in particular protein content - of the yellow mealworm larvae. The authors begin by describing the characteristics of rearing substrates for optimal yellow mealworm growth, including nutritional composition, bio...
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Improving the effective use of nitrogen on major field crops across the globe: a new paradigm
Foundational concepts for characterization of nitrogen (N) nutrition in field crops are necessary to define true N gains in crops under different genotype-environment-management (GxExM) scenarios. A study (Ciampitti and Lemaire, 2022) emphasized the requirement to redefine N use (herein termed as...
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Advances in understanding the genetics of sow prolificacy: reproductive performance, trade-offs and management solutions
Genetic selection for higher ovulation rate has increased the number of piglets born per litter. The increase in litter size has been accompanied by an increased proportion of low birthweight piglets and piglets with signs of intra uterine growth restriction (IUGR), Conception rates have increase...
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Understanding and changing attitudes toward eating protein derived from insects
This chapter covers understanding and changing attitudes towards eating protein derived from insects. In recent years, there has been growing interest regarding the role of insects as novel protein sources to meet the increasing global demand for sustainable and nutritious food. However, though i...
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High protein corn fermentation products for swine derived from corn ethanol production
Corn Fermented Protein (CFP) is the first commercially viable new source of high level (>50%), high quality vegetable protein, developed in the past twenty years and available for feeding to livestock, aquaculture, and companion animals. The protein product is derived from the sustainable fuel...
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Advances in production of house flies as food and animal feed: key challenges and solutions
The common housefly (Musca domestica), a ubiquitous presence in various environments, has been a subject of scientific investigation for over a century. This chapter explores the potential use of housefly larvae as a sustainable animal feed ingredient. Their ease of rearing, rapid growth, high nu...
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Modernizing major and medium irrigation schemes in india: formulating a programme of change
This chapter outlines the establishment of a national multi-year, multidisciplinary programme to modernize major and medium irrigation (and drainage schemes in India) under the Support for Irrigation Modernization Program. The programme is supported by the Asian Development Bank and implemented b...
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Advances in understanding microbial communities in the rhizosphere
This chapter explores the dynamics of rhizosphere microbiomes, focusing on their composition and functional aspects. It evaluates host-specific selection, plant species, genotypes, domestication, and agricultural ecosystem management practices. The chapter also investigates the legacy of plant de...
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Engaging local voices: farmers, rural communities, and ecological restoration
This chapter outlines engagement frameworks and strategies for understanding and improving the involvement of farmers and their communities in ecological restoration initiatives. It considers approaches for bringing together participants with differing perspectives and interests to address enviro...
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Carbon farming, regenerative agriculture, and environmental sustainability: practices and standards
The carbon cycle has always been a crucial element of agri-food production. However, the rise in atmospheric CO2 from around 280 parts per million (ppm) in 1780 pre-industrial revolution to 424 ppm in 2023 has led to focus both on how farming has contributed to this imbalance and, in particular, ...
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Understanding and optimizing the physical properties of soil to promote soil microbiomes
The physical environment of soil is characterized by a number of macro- and microscale physical properties that control the heterogenous distribution of microbes, as well as water, air and chemicals within the soil matrix. Heterogeneity occurs at any spatial scale; yet among the most important ar...
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Use of protein from black soldier flies in poultry feed
Successful inclusion of black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) in the diet of broilers and laying hens requires a precise determination of its nutritional value. These issues are discussed in the first part of this chapter together with the current understanding of amino acid content, amino acid d...
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Advances in understanding soil microbiomes in ecosystem functions across trophic chains
Soil is an essential part in every terrestrial ecosystem and soil microbes are contributing to several ecosystem functions. Different abiotic and biotic factors impact soil microbiomes and a disturbance of soil microbial communities can have severe consequences for soil health and its ecosystem f...
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An ethical framework for the responsible use of technology in organic dairy farming
Despite its potential benefits, organic farming has a complex relationship with technological innovation which has sometimes been associated with intensive forms of production. This chapter discusses the ways precision and other new technologies can fulfil the core organic values of health, ecolo...
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Understanding and optimizing the use of amino acids in pig nutrition
This chapter discusses the principles and practical aspects of meeting amino acid requirements and the use of functional amino acids in pig nutrition. The authors begin by exploring protein and amino acid metabolism, then the principles of amino acid needs, including maintenance and growth. They ...
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Advances in broiler breeder nutrition
Poultry meat is the most important protein source in human diet, and global demand increased annually. Broiler breeders are the parents of broiler and has a substantial impact on the poultry meat chain producing first class hatching eggs with healthy chicks. This is becoming increasingly challeng...
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Synchronizing nitrogen fertilizer application to crop nitrogen needs
Nitrogen synchrony refers to nitrogen (N) availability in the soil being closely aligned in space and time with the N requirements of crop plants. However, due to large temporal and spatial variability in the availability of soil N across regions, there is considerable potential for asynchrony be...
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Studying agri-food supply chains: an analytical framework
Agri-food supply chains have unique characteristics and challenges for which we need an appropriate analytical framework. In addressing these issues, we first discuss agri-food supply chain characteristics, after which we provide a framework for designing agri-food supply chains. The chapter also...
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Advances in metaproteomics for analyzing soil microorganisms
Soil metaproteomic, the protein profile of a sample, gives both taxonomical and functional information and has the potential to improve knowledge of mechanisms underlying the important ecosystem services by soil. This chapter aims to discuss the challenges facing protein extraction from soil, the...
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Managing the irrigation efficiency paradox to “free” water for the environment
Reducing water consumption (equivalent to depletion) in irrigated agriculture ‘saves’ water, freeing it up to be allocated to other sectors, for example, to restore environmental flows. However, this task is not straightforward because consumption is difficult to adjust; there are many scales, mo...
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Genetic factors affecting feed efficiency in meat-type chickens
To meet the global demand poultry meat, poultry should be produced efficiently and sustainably. Feed constitutes 70% of the cost of poultry production, meaning improvements in feed efficiency would be beneficial to producers, consumers and the environment. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) is an econom...
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Market structures of organic dairy farming and consumer attitudes towards organic milk processing
Since 2021, the established retail chains remain dominant, discount retailers are gaining, and traditional organic stores are losing market share. There is growing competition with other labels, especially regional labels, animal welfare labels and hay milk (e.g. grass-fed) labels. A literature r...
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Fungi: advances in understanding the role of root-associated fungi in soil
This chapter highlights the varied roles that root-associated soil fungi play in agricultural ecosystems. The authors begin by describing the relationship between fungi with plants before detailing the beneficial, antagonistic, and dynamic interactions between the two. Next they present an overvi...
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Use of protein from black soldier flies in fish feed
The global population is increasing rapidly, and with it comes a growing demand for food, particularly protein sources. The aquaculture industry, which provides fish for human consumption, is expanding to meet this demand. The aquaculture expansion is not without impacts and constrains. Among the...
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Pathogens and diseases affecting large-scale production of black soldier fly
Black soldier flies (BSF) (Hermetia illucens, Diptera: Stratiomyidae) are produced on a large scale using various production methods and food substrates. This chapter reviews organisms that have true pathogenic relationships with the BSF which could cause negative effects on insect culture. These...
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Advances in tracking sediment transport from agricultural land
The distance particles are transported is important because (i) is necessary for reconciling measurements of erosion made at different scales; (ii) it impacts on travel times of pollutants that adhere to eroded soil particles; and (iii) it is important for identifying sources of pollutants in wat...
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Poultry feedstuff management and feed formulation utilizing big data
A feed formulation program is used to determine a compound feed that meets all of its nutritional requirements and is at the lowest possible cost (least cost). This chapter addresses current challenges facing feed formulation programs, including the need to account for sustainability issues as we...
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Assessing the impact of inorganic fertilizers on soil microbiomes
This review aims to demonstrate the influence of farming systems on biological indicators that are relevant to soil health. Empirical data from published studies informs the hypothetical model that soil health outcomes are related to more diverse cropping systems, coupled with high inputs of orga...
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High protein corn fermentation products for poultry derived from corn ethanol production
Corn Fermented Protein (CFP) is the first commercially viable new source of high level (>50%), high quality vegetable protein, developed in the past twenty years and available for feeding to livestock, aquaculture, and companion animals. The protein product is derived from the sustainable fuel...
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Advances in synthetic biology to improve poultry production
Synthetic biology is an evolving area that can advance poultry science and production in achieving a more sustainable future. This chapter outlines multidisciplinary studies of synthetic biology to solve pressing problems within the poultry industry. It introduces state of art tools in synthetic ...
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Advances in understanding and exploiting the role of soil microbiomes in protecting crops against pathogens and pests
The soil microbiome has the potential to protect crop plants from biotic stress caused by pests and pathogens. Studies have, for example, shown the role of root exudates in recruiting and enriching beneficial bacteria to protect against pathogens and pests, paving the way for developing strategie...
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Improving agri-food supply chains in north america: the case of the sugarcane agro-industry in mexico
This chapter discusses improving agri-food supply chains in North America, using the case of the sugarcane agro-industry in Mexico as a discussion point. The chapter focuses on sugarcane production in Mexico, then goes on to highlight factors determining the competitiveness of the sugarcane agro-...
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Integrating biophysical and hydraulic models to assess the agronomic and environmental impacts of precision irrigation
Precision irrigation offers scope to save water, improve yields and support the sustainable intensification of agriculture. It could also contribute to the sector’s transformation to reduce the environmental impacts of food crop production linked to nutrient leaching and greenhouse gas emissions....
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Emerging protein sources for poultry feed
The global poultry industry tends to depend on a limited number of feed ingredients, which face a number of environmental and other problems. The objective of this chapter is to examine emerging, alternative ingredients for potential use locally or for development into global protein sources for ...
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Improving agri-food supply chains in asia
The agri-food supply chains in Asia face multiple challenges and threats, such as malnutrition, environmental degradation and unexpected risks. Here, we suggest possible interventions to improve nutrition and health, increase resource use efficiency and reduce adverse environmental impacts. To co...
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The role of non-governmental organisations (ngos) in improving safety, quality and sustainability standards in agri-food supply chains
The agri-food sector can be seen as one of the drivers of climate change-related problems whilst also being greatly affected by it. Sustainability standards have a role in promoting and supporting the uptake of sustainability practices, promoting agroecological farming and reducing the negative i...
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Assessing the effectiveness and history of buffer strip implementation in preventing soil sediment and nutrient losses to surface waters
Buffer strips are one of the most widely utilised mitigation measures to reduce sediment and nutrient transfer from soil erosion and surface runoff on fields to neighbouring surface waters. Their effectiveness in terms of retaining sediment and nutrients has been documented by numerous experiment...
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Implementing sustainable land use change programmes
This chapter covers implementing sustainable land use change programmes. It explores how these schemes have evolved alongside the principles of sustainable land management, how they are shaped by the culture of the UK nations within which they develop, and how the role and importance of the lando...
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How can organic dairy farming address and improve biodiversity and healthy ecosystems?
This chapter explores the degree to which organic farming, and specifically organic dairy systems, has a part to play in biodiversity conservation in the land sparing-land sharing continuum of approaches. The chapter begins with a brief review of evidence for organic farming being nature-friendly...
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Modelling feed requirements for pigs to optimize feed efficiency
To ensure sustainable pig production in terms of cost and environmental impact, it is essential to focus on enhancing feed efficiency. This necessitates a precise understanding of the nutrient requirements of both sows and growing pigs, enabling the development of tailored feeding strategies to o...
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Developments in water sharing and water trading
Different strategies in water management exist to deal with water scarcity issues in agriculture. This chapter provides an overview of the fundamentals and developments of two water allocation/demand management strategies, i.e. water sharing and water trading, with a focus on the Australian exper...
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Green feed in organic pig farming
An organic diet based on regionally produced feed components is a fundamental goal in organic pig production. There is a huge unexploited potential in implementing local produced “green feed components” in organic pig diets as a sustainable alternative to the current high reliance on concentrates...
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Diseases affecting production of yellow mealworms as a protein source
Yellow mealworms, Tenebrio molitor, are increasingly being used as a source of protein for humans, as well as for feeding animals. However, as with any other type of livestock, yellow mealworms can be affected by diseases, which can lead to reduced productivity. In this chapter, the authors revie...
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Advances in drainage design and management for irrigated agriculture
Investments in drainage in irrigated agriculture are lagging well behind investments in irrigation. As a result, salinity and waterlogging problems now affect about 10–16% of these irrigated areas. To combat these problems and to cope with gradual changes in land use and a changing climate, the r...
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Advances in understanding the genetics of and breeding for resistance to infectious disease in pigs
Pigs are exposed to numerous infectious disease pathogens, with large economic and welfare implications. How pigs respond to disease is in part determined by genetics. Thus, genetic improvement is one of the tools that can be used to mitigate the impact of disease, complementing biosecurity and v...
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