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Advances in understanding the cellular basis of feed efficiency in poultry muscle
Feed efficiency is a complex and very important genetic trait in broiler production. Content in this chapter is an overview of over 20 years of research of investigating mitochondrial physiology, gene and protein expression that enables a ‘proteogenomic picture’ to be ‘painted’ to aid in understa...
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Monitoring agricultural water use: challenges and solutions for sustainable water management
As the largest sectoral user of water globally, agriculture is both impacted by and a major driver of water scarcity. Monitoring of agricultural water use is essential to identify and design effective strategies for balancing water demands with those of other sectors and the environment amidst fu...
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The role of standards and certification in delivering safe, sustainable and socially responsible agri-food supply chains
The evolution of standards and certification in agri-food chains has taken place over nearly 40 years. The dynamics that led to this form of private governance have also changed over time. Contemporary issues such as climate change, biodiversity loss, and seeking to develop a food system that is ...
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Advances in understanding and improving the use of enzymes in broiler nutrition
The supplementation of exogenous enzymes in diets is a common practice in the poultry industry. Different enzymes are used to target specific substrates: phytase acts on phytate, protease acts on proteins of peptides, xylanase acts on arabinoxylan, and amylase acts on starch. The utilization of t...
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Developing decision support systems for irrigation/water management on farms
This chapter reviews basic considerations in the development of tools to assist a decision-maker in making informed decisions and improve decision outcomes. This chapter reviews software engineering guidelines that facilitate the development of easily maintainable software tools. Water in the far...
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Understanding and optimizing the use of exogenous enzymes in pig nutrition
For more than 30 years, feed enzymes have been used to reduce ration formulation costs by saving on costly nutrients. In this chapter, the authors discuss how the enzymatic capacity of neonate and mature pigs can be augmented through the addition of protease and amylase in respect to the contrast...
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Advances in understanding and exploiting the pig genome
In recent years, pig genetics and breeding has been revolutionized by advances in genomics. This chapter outlines current developments in pig genetics and genomics including long-read sequencing, telomere-to-telomere assembly, low-pass sequencing for genomic prediction, functional genomics, fine-...
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Modelling and optimising associated biodiversity in alley cropping systems
The mechanisms shaping biodiversity in agroecosystems and particularly in agroforestry are difficult to understand and predict. The relation between planned biodiversity, the species chosen by the farmer, and associated biodiversity, the species that are able to adapt and thrive in agroforestry s...
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Agri-food supply chains in western and northern europe
Western and Northern Europe are important regions for food production and supply for Europe and globally. With a combination of new supply chain management techniques and technological advancement, there are useful insights from the region on modern food production, value addition and associated ...
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Measuring and modelling on-farm greenhouse gas emissions : the basis for achieving climate-neutral farming
Greenhouse gas emissions on the farm have different sources: livestock, soils, plants on crop- and grasslands, and fuel and energy consumption. For livestock, methane emissions are most relevant, whereas on crop- and grasslands, nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide show the most impact. There are a r...
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Improving the reproductive efficiency of boars: past, present, and future
This chapter provides a critical review of key developments in understanding and improving boar reproductive efficiency, tracing its development from seminal discoveries to contemporary advances in artificial insemination (AI) and sperm analysis technologies. Key developments in identifying ferti...
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Organic dairy farming as part of sustainable ecological and social food systems
There have been great advances in many aspects of organic dairy farming, which has become increasingly efficient and productive with a strong market. However, in some cases this has occurred through increasing specialization and scale of production, which risks the sector not being able to fully ...
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The role of technology in monitoring and verifying safety, quality and sustainability in agri-food supply chains
Despite investment in regulatory and private governance approaches, food safety incidents, poor quality products and misleading declarations still occur. This chapter will consider the developing role of technology in monitoring and verifying safety, quality and sustainability in agri-food supply...
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Advances in understanding and improving the use of amino acids in poultry nutrition
Knowledge of amino acid formulation minimum constraints in the nutrient matrix are pivotal in order to allow for formulation flexibility, and subsequent broiler productivity at minimum nitrogen supply. Four key amino acid minimums that beg for more research are: arginine, glycine and serine, hist...
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Advances in understanding the role of soil microbiomes in carbon cycling in soil
This chapter explores the advances in understanding the role of soil microbiomes in carbon cycling in soil. The author begins by reviewing the contributions of bacterial and fungal necromass to soil carbon, and the roles of soil microbial biomass in carbon cycling. Here, he describes how soil mic...
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Advances in understanding nitrogen cycling in soil
Anthropogenic alterations in the nitrogen cycle, dominantly through synthetic fertilizer applications, have allowed for greater crop production since the nineteenth century. However, these changes have also allowed for rapid increases in environmental adverse nitrogen loss pathways such as nitrat...
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Animal rewilding in theory and practice: australia and new zealand
Rewilding is the deliberate (re)introduction of animal species into local or regional areas with the joint aims to assist the conservation of those species and promote the re-establishment of lost or degraded ecological processes. In Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand rewilding is particularly im...
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The use of plant bio-active compounds and other alternative therapeutic strategies in organic dairy farming
Under organic legislation farmers are encouraged to use natural methods to keep animals healthy. In addition to appropriate breed, feed, balanced productivity, environmental management and hygiene, this includes the use of homeopathy, phytotherapy and minerals, providing they are effective. Since...
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Tools and strategies for optimizing the reproductive performance of sows
Fertility of the swine breeding is high when considering measures for estrus, farrowing and litter sizes. The success in reproduction is a result of an array of factors that involve genetics, health, environment, and reproductive technologies. The population of females in the breeding herd is man...
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Exploiting plant phenotypic plasticity in promoting crop resistance to insect pests
This chapter explores how an understanding of crop phenotypic plasticity might inform and improve pest management. In crops, plant-mediated interactions among herbivores and other organisms may have implications for pest management by, for example, altering thresholds or recommendations for scout...
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Reconciling water needs for food, the environment, energy and society – a quadrilemma facing the future of global irrigated agriculture
Improving agricultural water management is widely viewed as being crucial to achieving a more environmentally sustainable, resilient and productive agro-food sector. However, how do we reconcile the needs of water for food production with those of the environment and for energy and society – a wi...
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Advances in modeling soil erosion risk
Soil erosion is particularly affected by climate change, especially increases in the amount and intensity of rainfall. The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE2) developed by USDA-ARS has been developed to quantify soil erosion. However, it does not consider current climate and topographic...
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Organic dairy cattle breeding: possibilities and challenges
This chapter discusses challenges and options for developing dedicated organic dairy breeding programmes with a focus on developing cows best suited to low-input production in particular local contexts. It reviews ways of identifying target traits and establishing breeding goals as well as when t...
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Advances in understanding pig nutritional requirements and metabolism
This chapter focuses on the advances in understanding pig nutritional requirements and metabolism. The authors begin by outlining optimising sow nutrition throughout gestation and lactation, covering the management of gilt weight on herd entry, nutrition to prevent sow lameness, minimising variat...
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The use of soil stabilizers to prevent erosion
Soil and water conservation is essential for sustaining agricultural production and for protecting the soil ecosystem. This chapter discusses an alternative approach for soil erosion mitigation, which advocates modification of soil properties that are linked to processes that control degradation ...
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The value of one health and one welfare approaches in promoting the health and welfare of organic dairy cattle
There is a clear need for an integrated approach to human, animal and ecological health reflecting the four organic principles of Health, Ecology, Fairness and Care and their supporting text. In the early 2000s, the One Health approach was established to recognise the strong links between human h...
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Solar-powered irrigation systems: recent developments and future trends
Recent developments in harnessing solar energy have transformed solar powered irrigation systems (SPIS) into a cost-effective, reliable, and environmentally sustainable alternative to conventional fossil fuel energy-based irrigation systems. This chapter reviews the current developments and futur...
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Assessing pig genetic diversity
The preservation of genetic diversity is particularly important because human selection processes have resulted in a small number of commercial breeds and a large number of small, residual populations. This chapter looks at ways of analyzing pig genetic diversity. It then reviews what these techn...
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Key issues in formulation of biocontrol agents for plant protection
The potential of biocontrol agents (BCAs) for plant protection has been known for a long time. Their reduced risk for non-target organisms makes them interesting candidates for use in plant protection. Due to their instability against environmental factors such as UV, humidity and temperature, th...
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Maintaining the safety of poultry feed
Natural and artificial contaminants in poultry feed may result in deteriorated feed quality, reduced performance, and increased incidence of disease in poultry, ultimately leading to a significant economic loss for producers. Moreover, since poultry are raised to produce meat and eggs for human c...
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Accelerating genomic improvement in pigs by using reproductive biotechnologies
To meet the food demand of the growing population, there's a need to increase the amount of protein produced from animals. Pork is the second largest contributor of global meat consumption. Identifying ways to increase the efficiency of pig production is pivotal to meeting the US and global deman...
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Use of protein from yellow mealworms in fish feed
Yellow mealworm (T. molitor) is a safe and sustainable alternative protein source for aquafeed, given advantages such as high protein content and better amino acid profile when compared to alternative plant-protein sources. This chapter provides an overview of the current use of T. molitor as alt...
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Emerging roles for soil bacteroidetes in complex carbon and organic phosphorus cycling
This chapter highlights the latest advances in Bacteroidetes research, with a focus on their unique approaches to phosphorus (P) and carbon (C) metabolism. The chapter also hypothesises how these metabolic strategies link with the emerging importance of these bacteria as plant disease suppressing...
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The role of ammonium transport proteins in improving nitrogen use efficiency in crop production
Nitrogen (N) is a key macronutrient required for plant growth and reproduction. Ammonium (NH4+) is a readily available nitrogen source for plant growth and an important contributor to net plant nitrogen uptake and utilisation. It is suggested that members of the high-affinity ammonium transporter...
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Developments in agri-environment schemes (aes): australia
This chapter explores the developments in agri-environment schemes in Australia. Agri-environment schemes have been a part of Australia’s environmental policy for more than two decades. During this time, schemes have evolved from community-based initiatives addressing land degradation issues, suc...
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The effects of no-till and related practices in preventing soil erosion
This chapter discusses the effects of no-till (NT) and related practices in preventing soil erosion. It starts by first focusing on the effects NT practices have on soil properties related to erosion risk, such as bulk density, pore size distribution, saturated hydraulic conductivity, available w...
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Advances in understanding soil erodibility
Soil erodibility refers to the vulnerability of a soil to erosion. This chapter discusses approaches to defining soil erodibility. It then reviews two key soil properties affecting erodibility: aggregate stability and shear stress stability. The chapter assesses individual and combined techniques...
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Gilt development to improve offspring performance and survivability
This chapter reviews current knowledge on gilt development-related key management and nutritional strategies that improve longevity and their production, as well as enhance offspring performance and survivability.
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Understanding ovarian function in pigs
This chapter summarizes the basic physiology of porcine female reproduction, including: ovarian structure and function, ovarian follicle development (folliculogenesis), the role of the corpus luteum in the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy, biosynthesis of steroid hormones (steroidogenes...
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Smart farming in extensive livestock production: the australian experience
There is little doubt that agtech, and in particular connected things will play an increasingly important, enabling role in extensive livestock production systems in improving productivity, safety, workflow, sustainability and resilience in the face of climate change and market access. But the ke...
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Advances in understanding the role of the soil microbiome’s effects on nitrogen cycling
Understanding the soil microbiomes function is critical for the sustainable provision of food and fibre and the prevention of undesirable environmental impacts. Nitrogen, an essential element for agricultural production, is cycled through the soil-plant continuum by the soil microbiome. Discrete ...
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Planning and control in agri-food supply chains
In contrast to durable good supply chains, planning and control of agri-food supply chains are more challenging, e.g. due to perishable nature of the sensitivity of agri-food products. To provide managers with adequate decision-making support, it is crucial to understand the underlying planning p...
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Agronomic practices for optimising soil water retention
Soil water retention is an important factor that influences cropping systems and environmental sustainability and can be affected by various agronomic practices. Agronomic practices including tillage, cover cropping, crop rotation, and animal grazing practices have been implemented over several c...
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Assessing milk quality from organic production
This chapter explores the concept of quality in organic milk. Quality encompasses many extrinsic properties of dairy production like animal welfare, the impact on biodiversity, climate change, and fair treatment of everybody along the supply chain. This chapter focuses on composition of the milk ...
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Assessing the impact of climate change on soil erosion by water
This chapter focuses on assessing the impact of climate change on soil erosion by water. It begins by first describing the influence of climate change on event and annual erosivity, then moves on to discuss the influence of climate change on the protective effect of crops. A section on snowmelt e...
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The chemical and microbial safety of insect-based feed and food
This chapter discusses chemical and pathogen hazards related to industrial production of selected insect species such as the yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) and house cricket (Acheta domesticus), both of which are authorized for human food and animal feed in the European Union (EU). The chapte...
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The future of animal rewilding in agricultural landscapes
Ecosystem services obtained by returning wild animals to agricultural landscapes can outweigh the disservices (e.g., livestock predation) of those same animals. We foresee three key management trends that will facilitate a balancing of economic and environmental gains in animal rewilding: (1) cap...
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Information and communication technology in agri-food supply chains
Food production builds on the cooperation of enterprises within agri-food supply chains reaching from agriculture to retail. The interdependencies between enterprises require coordination of decisions and activities for assuring efficiency in production along the chain and serving the expectation...
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