Sustainable fruit cultivation may depend on the combination of a number of factors; these include optimal growing conditions, correct selection of cultivars and rootstocks, and application of modern crop-cultivation techniques. Sustainability also implies promotion of biodiversity, improvement of microbiological processes in the soil, and protection of the environment (e.g., by avoiding pollution from fertilizers and pesticide runoff). It has been estimated that fruit production may need to increase two- to three-fold to meet future demand, but this needs to be achieved in a sustainable way. This chapter explores ways this might be achieved for plum and apricot production. Sections are included on the genetic resources available for cultivation of these fruits and the environmental factors affecting plum and apricot cultivation. Then follow separate sections on plum and apricot (also covering prune) cultivation. The authors conclude the chapter with a discussion on future trends in plum and apricot cultivation.