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Parchment in the form of manuscripts, scrolls, charters, book covers and substrata for artworks, makes a major contribution to the most valuable objects of European cultural heritage. Large collections exist in varying degrees of preservation in public and private libraries, archives, museums and in diverse religious foundations.
The degradation of parchment involves the decay of the intact fibre structure through different stages of alteration to a terminal stage when the fibre structure is close to complete disintegration. In contact with water or storage in moist conditions, the fibres then transform into a gelatinous substance. Objects made of parchment are of a very complex chemical and physical nature and sampling from these precious objects is normally highly restricted. Analysis therefore needs to be based on very accurate microanalytical or non-destructive methods which are able to produce valid results.
Microanalysis of Parchment�presents sampling techniques and non-destructive, microanalytical and semi-microanalytical methods for the analysis and testing of historic parchment based on visual, microscopical as well as chemical and physical techniques. The contributions in this volume represent the main achievements of the European joint project on parchment 'Methods in the Microanalysis of Parchment' sponsored by the European Commission.
Contributors
Acknowledgements
Preface
Ren� Larsen
Introduction
Ren� Larsen
Parchment
Materials
Microsampling and microscopical assessment of parchment including microchemical analysis of binding media, dyes and ink
A new microsampling technique for parchment
Leopold Puchinger and herbert Stachelberger
Introduction
Description of the microdrilling instrument
Drill sizes and technique of needle sharpening
Evaluation of drill bits and holes left in the parchment - applications
Summary
References
Evaluation of old parchment collagen with the help of transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
Leopold Puchinger, Dietmar Leichtfried and Herbert Stachelberger
Introduction
Materials and methods
Discussion of the results obtained with TEM
Discussion of the results from TEM by comparison with other methods
Conclusions
References
�
Evaluation of methods for the microanalysis of materials added to parchment
Jan Wouters, Johan Claeys, Karijn Lamens and Marina Van Bos
Introduction
Historical sources for the composition of miniatures
Materials and methods
Results and discussion
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Characterization of vegetable gums used as binding media in inks by gas chromatography and multivariable analysis
Pascale Richardin, Sylvette Bonnassies-Termes and Jean-Christophe Dor�
Introduction
Experimental
Characterization by gas chromatography of neutral sugars and uronic acids
Analysis of vegetable gums
Application to metallogallic inks
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Appendices
Sulphur inclusions within parchment and leather exposed to sulphur dioxide
Derek J. Bowden and Peter Brimblecombe
Introduction
Experimental
Results
Discussion
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Endnotes
References
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Thermophysical and thermochemical analysis of microsamples
The hydrothermal stability (shrinkage activity) of parchment measured by the Micro Hot Table Method (MHT)
Rene Larsen, Dorte V. Poulsen and Marie Vest
Introduction
Experimental
Samples
Results
Discussion
Conclusions
References
The thermal response of parchment and leather to relative humidity changes
Derek Bowden and Peter Brimblecombe
Introduction
Background
Experimental
Examples and results
Conclusions
Endnotes
References
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Characterization of historic and unaged parchments using thermomechanical and thermogravimetric techniques
Marianne Odlyha, Neil Cohen, Gary Foster and Roberto Campana
Introduction to termomechanical and thermogravimetric techniques
Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA): stress-strain measurements
DMTA: Measurement of viscoelastic properties
DMTA: Underwater heating creep measurements
Thermogravimetry analysis (TGA)
Overall conclusions from thermomechanical and Thermogravimetric measurements
Principal conponent analysis (PCA)
References
�
Chemical and structural characterization of collagen and palaeogenetics of parchment
Amino acid analysis of new and historical parchments
Ren� Larsen, Dorte V. Poulsen, Marie Vest and Arne L. Jensen
Introduction
Experimental
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
References
13C and 15N solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of modern and historic parchments
Marianne Odlyha, Neil Cohen, Gary Foster, Roberto Campana and Abil Aliev
Introduction
Experimental
Results (13C NMR spectra)
Results: 15N solid state NMR spectra
Conclusions
References
Study of the chemical breakdown of collagen and parchment by Raman spectroscopy
Thomas Garp, Kurt Nielsen, and Soghomon Boghosian
The principles and methods of Raman spectroscopy
FT-Raman spectroscopic studies of parchement
Conclusions
References
Detection of radicals in collagen and parchment produced by natural and artificial deterioration, electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR) and its implications for artificial ageing and test of conservation treatments
Daniella Bechmann Hansen, Kurt Nielsen and S�ren Birk Rasmussen
The principles and methods of electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR)
Results and discussion: ESR spectroscopic study of parchment
Conclusion
References
Determination of the molecular weight distribution in parchment collagen by steric exclusion chromatography
Fr�d�rique Juchauld and Claire Chahine
Introduction
Materials and methods
Experiment
Correlation between the two chromatographic methods
Correlation with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results
Conclusions
References
SDS-PAGE and 2D-electrophoresis
Ren� Larsen, Dorte V. Poulsen and Marie Vest
Introduction
Experimental
Results and discussion
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
Endnotes
References
Analysis of collagen structure in parchment by small angle x-ray diffraction
Timothy J. Wess and Kurt Nielsen
Background to collagen structure
X-ray diffraction
Synchrotron radiation
Data analysis and parameters
Model building
Principal component analysis
Conclusion
Pyrolysis capillary gas chromatography (PY-CGC) of historical parchment samples
Leopold Puchinger, Dietmar Leichtfried and Herbert Stachelberger
Introduction
Materials and methods
Pyrolysis capillary gas chromatography (PY-CGC)
Discussion of the results obtained with PY-CGC
Discussion of the results from TEM and PY-CGC by comparison with other methods
Conclusions
References
Palaeogenetics of parchment
Joachim Burger
Introduction
Genetic background
Methods (from Burger et al. 2000b)
Results and discussion
From which individual animal did this come? DNA profiling
Conclusion
References
Complementary and comparative analysis
The use of complementary and comparative analysis in damage assessment of parchments
Ren� Larsen, Dorte V. Poulsen, Marianne Odlyha, Kurt Nielsen, Jan Wouters, Leopold Puchinger, Peter Brimblecombe and Derek Bowden
Introduction
Experimental
Deterioration characterized by shrinkage phenomena
The impact of chemical deterioration on the hydrothermal stability
Chemical damage modelling by the prediction of T(S) from chemical data
PCA of thermomechanical, thermogravimetric and solid state NMR data
Macroscopic and microscopic properties vs. measurement data
Conclusions
Epilogue: The problem of model building and correlation analysis
References