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There have been many recent discussions of the replication crisis in psychology and other social sciences. This has been attributed, in part, to the fact that researchers hesitate to submit null results and journals fail to publish such results. In this book, Allan Franklin and Ronald Laymon analyze what constitutes a null result and present evidence, spanning a 400-year history, that null results play significant roles in physics. They begin with Galileo’s experiments on falling bodies and conclude with tests of the weak equivalence principle in general relativity, the search for physics beyond the Standard Model, and the search for neutrinoless double beta decay, all in the 21st century.
As these case studies make evident, null results have refuted theories, confirmed theories, provided evidence for potential new theories to explain, introduced new experimental techniques, corrected previous incorrect or misinterpreted results, and have been used to explore previously unstudied phenomena. What makes these many roles possible is the development of increasingly more accurate replications of a zero value result and the value of these replications for the effective treatment of systematic uncertainty. The book concludes with a brief analysis of certain fundamental differences between physics and social psychology in the role played by replication where these differences explain the absence of a replication crisis in physics.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1. Introduction
I. Falling Bodies and the Universality of Free Fall
Chapter 2. Galileo and Free Fall
Chapter 3. Newton’s Pendulum Experiment and the Replications by Bessel and Potter
3.1 Newton’s Pendulum Experiment
3.2 The Experiments of Bessel and Potter
Chapter 4. The Eötvös Torsional Pendulum
Chapter 5. The Fifth Force and Eötvös Redux
5.1 The Rise of the Fifth Force
5.2 It’s Fall
5.3 Tests of the Weak Equivalence Principle
Chapter 6. Do Falling Bodies Move South?
II. Is There An Ether?
Chapter 7. The Michelson-Morley Experiments of 1881 and 1887
7.1 The Experiments
7.2 Reaction to the Michelson-Morley Null Result
7.3 Early Replications by Morley and Dayton Miller
7.4 Einstein and Beyond
7.5 Replications by Kennedy, Illingworth, Joos and Others
Chapter 8. Dayton Miller and the “Cosmic” Solution
8.1 Miller’s 1933 Paper
8.2 Shankland’s 1955 Reanalysis of Dayton Miller’s Data
8.3 Roberts’ 2006 Reanalysis of Dayton Miller’s Data
III. “The Search for…
Chapter 9. … Physics Beyond the Standard Model”
9.1 Search for Supersymmetry in Multijet Events
9.2 Search for Top Squarks and Dark Matter Particles
9.3 Discussion
Chapter 10. …Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay
10.1 The Problem
10.2 The Early Experiments
10.3 The Critics
10.4 The Second Generation Experiments
10.5 Discussion
Chapter 11. Conclusion
11.1 How Do We Know It is a Null Result?
a) The Appraisal of Systematic and Statistical Uncertainty
b) Sensitivity, Calibration, and Surrogate Signals
c) Idealization and Approximation
d) Sensitivity with Respect to Data Analysis
11.2 The Roles of Theory
a) Theories of the Phenomena
b) Theories of the Apparatus
11.3 Replication in Physics and the Social Sciences