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In the decades since it was first used to examine works of art and archaeological pieces, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has become an essential tool in any museum or gallery laboratory, allowing details of the surface and the way in which it has been modified - for example by manufacturing or during conservation - to be scrutinised. The possibility of applying microanalytical methods within the scanning electron microscope, most notably energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, has greatly increased the versatility of the technique, making it indispensable in the study of materials.
As the use of SEM has increased, conservators and curators have become familiar with the insights it can offer and have learned to interpret some of the information obtainable from SEM images. At the same time, manufacturers and scientists have been developing new instruments and new ways of gathering and processing data that have opened fresh perspectives for the examination of objects.
This volume, which contains the edited papers from an international conference on the twin themes of SEM and microanalysis, explores these developments. The contributions range from the application of well tried techniques to explore the materials as diverse as Iron Age beads, ivory and glass plate negatives, through the study of manufacturing techniques, patterns of wear and conservation treatments on metalwork, paintings or jades, to the investigation of how new technologies and methodologies can be applied to the study of, for example, porcelain, Japanese dyestuffs and goldwork.
The papers demonstrate not only the breadth and depth of this now-mature field, but the exciting new directions which advances in SEM and microanalysis promise for future research in the study of historical technology, materials and conservation.
Foreword
Acknowledgements
Oral papers
The Bedford Lemere collection: investigating degrading glass plate negatives
Sarah Allen, Jenny Hodgson, David Dungworth and Sarah Paynter
Understanding Viking filigree and granulation with the aid of scanning electron microscopy
Barbara Regine Armbruster
A pilot application of scanning electron microscopy and high-resolution X-radiography for the conservation of paintings
Aviva Burnstock, Alexander D. Ball, Lauren E. Howard and Genevieve Silvester
Organic cores from the Iron Age Snettisham torc hoards: technological insights revealed by scanning electron microscopy
Caroline Cartwright, Nigel Meeks, Duncan Hook, Aude Mongiatti and Jody Joy
Iron Age glass beads from Carthage
Katherine Eremin, Patrick Degryse, Nathaniel Erb-Satullo, Monica Ganio, Joseph Greene, Andrew Shortland, Marc Walton and Lawrence Stager
Reconstructing firing practices of Middle Minoan polychrome ware: the role of bloating pores in slips
Edward W. Faber
Examination of organic remains preserved by metal corrosion
Andrea Fischer
A study of pre-Columbian gold beads from Panama
Ainslie Harrison, Kim Cullen Cobb, Harriet F. Beaubien, Paul Jett and Julia Mayo
Subsurface analysis by application of FIB-SEM to samples of geological and historical importance
Diane Johnson, Stuart Kearns and Monica M. Grady
Scanning electron microscopy imaging of tool marks on Qin bronze weapons using silicone rubber impressions
Xiuzhen Janice Li, Marcos Martinon-Torres, Nigel Meeks and Yin Xia
A forgotten tradition; the rediscovery of Mexican feathered textiles
Hector Manuel Meneses Lozano
Applications of electron backscatter diffraction in archaeology
Shirley Northover and Peter Northover
Gold usage: wear marks and/or deterioration in site conditions
Alicia Perea and Oscar Garc�?a-Vuelta
A case study of ancient parchment biodetrioration using variable pressure and high vacuum scanning electron microscopy
Flavia Pinzari, Vanja Cialei and Gaudalupe Pi�ar
Arsenic and apricots: understanding the sober still lifes of Adriaenn Ciirte
Carol Pottasch and Kees Mensch
ESEM-EDX analyses for the characterisation and reproduction of nineteenth-century gold tesserae
Martina Raedel, Martin Sabel. Michael B�cker and Brita Unger
Quantitative energy dispersive X-ray analysis of the blue pigment smalt in the variable pressure scanning electron microscope
Marika Spring, Veronika Kugler and Stewart Bean
SEM and TEM analyses of chrome yellow and chrome orange dyestuffs used for imported and domestic cotton fabrics (Touzan) in Japan in the nineteenth century
Nahoko Sugioka and Masahiro Kitada
Poster papers
Metallurgical and chemical characterisation of Venetian silver denarii dating to the late twelfth century
Irene Calliari, Michele Asolati, Andrea Saccocci, Francesco Grazzi and Antonella Scherillo
Using stereo imaging in a scanning electron microscope study of the anatomical changes to�Mimosa�wood from the traditional kilns in Pernambuco, north-east Brazil
Caroline Cartwight, Chris Jones, Peter Gasson and Claudia Luizon Dias Leme
Microstructure and impurities of bronze mirrors fabricated in the Koryo period (tenth-fourteenth century)
Jung Eun Choi and Masahiro Kitada
Characterisation of an eighteenth-century Meissen plate from the G�tzendorf-Grabowski service using VP-SEM and HV-SEM
Kelly Domoney, Andrew Shortland and Sebastian Kuhn
An example of the application of SEM-EDX-XRF to the study of ancient gold artefacts
Daniela Ferro and Vania Virgili
Preliminary archaeometric study of the metallic grave goods from a rich late Roman burial at Torrej�n de Velasco (Madrid, Spain)
Oscar Garc�a-Vuelta, Alicia Perea, Fabi�n Cuesta, Marc Gener, Ignacio Montero-Ruiz, Mercedes Murillo and Martina Renzi
Characterisation of metal threads from the decorations of the audience room in Dresden castle using SEM-EDX analysis
Sylvia Hoblyn and Christoph Herm
Metal threads: evaluation of a cleaning method
Ingrid Karina Jim�nez Cosme, Carolusa Gonz�lez Tirando, Jannen Contreras Vargas and Jos� Luis Ruvalcaba Sil
Tetitla, Porch 25: scientific analysis applied to the preservation of a mural painting from Teotihuacan
Ingrid Karina Jim�nez Cosme
Decorations of Pir-i Hamza Sabzpu��s tomb in Iran
Amir-Hossein Karimy and Parviz Holakooei
A study of the microstructure and condition of thin sheets of painting support ivory using SEM and ESEM
Satomi Kitano, Alan Derbyshire, Nigel Meeks, Caroline Cartwright, Chris Stain and Geoffrey Mitchell
White grounds applied to the main altarpiece of the Coimbra Old Cathedral: historical technology and material characterisation
Agn�s La Gac, Ana Isabel Seruya, Maria Jos� Oliveira and Isabel Ribeiro
Characterisation of lapis lazuli for a provenance study by means of SEM-EDX and SEM-cathodoluminescence
Alessandro Lo Giudice, Alessandro Re, Debora Angelici and Giovanni Pratesi
Secondary phases in archaeological and historical materials: a microstructural approach for interpreting the correct sequences of crystallisation
Lara Maritan, Michele Secco, Claudio Mazzoli and Gilberto Artioli
Scanning electron microscopy investigation of Late Bronze Age high-tin socketed axes: hoards from Langton Matravers, Dorset, southern England
Nigel Meeks, Aude Mongiatti, Duncan Hook, Ben Roberts, Andrew Fitzpatrick and Peter Woodward
Analytical characterisation of bole used in gilded plasterwork (Arab Room, Pal�cio da Bolsa, Oporto, Portugal)
Patricia Mestre, Fernando Rocha and Jo�o Coroado
Scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopic study of gilded tiles from Darb-i Imam Tomb in Isfahan, Iran
Moslem Mish Mast Nehi, Hamid reza Chaman and Mohammad Mortazavi
Evaluation of white rot deterioration in historic wood cellular structure by scanning electron microscopy and FTIR analysis
Mohsen Mohammadi Achachluei, Gholamreza Vatankhah and Aliakbar Enayati
The contribution of SEM-EBSD analysis to a microstructural interpretation of the elasticity of ancient fibulae springs
Luca Peruzzo, Daniela Ferro, Vania Virgili, Irene Calliari and Stefano Buson
Variable pressure scanning electron microscopy applied in the study of ancient manuscripts and inks
Flavia Pinzari and Marina Bicchieri
Scanning electron microscopy and ceramic technology: crucibles from late prehistoric Scotland
Daniel Sahl�n
Scanning electron microscopy study of Chinese jade working technology: comparing excavated Bronze Age artefacts with jades in the British Museum
Margaret Sax, Li Boqian, Nigel Meeks and Qin Ling
A petrographic study of the anthropomorphic stelae from the megalithic area of Saint-Martin-de Corl�ans (Aosta, northern Italy)
Margherita Serra, Lorenzo Appolonia, Alessandro Borghi, Stefano De Leo and Valentina Rubinetto
Scanning electron microscopy investigation of the Nuzi frits
Andrew Shortland, Katherine Eremin, Marc Walton, Susanna Kirk, Patrick Degryse and Joseph Greene
Use of low vacuum scanning electron microscopy to study the morphology and degradation of organic materials
Michelle Taube, Anna-Grethe Rischel and Maj Ringgaard
SEM-EDX technological studies of some remarkable Early Bronze Age gold artefacts from Bulgaria
Svetla Tsaneva, Martin Hristov, Victoria Karatsanova and Zdravko Tsintsov
The formation of complex crusts in oil paints containing lead white and smalt: dissolution, depletion, diffusion and deposition
Annelies van Loon, Petria Noble and Jaap J. Boon
Uncovering painted surfaces in historic buildings: a comparison of paint removal techniques using light and scanning electron microscopic surface imaging
Edwin Verweij