This book makes a major original contribution to the history and geographies of enlightenment art, science, literature and medicine, arguing that the significance of the relationship between the doctor Erasmus Darwin, artist Joseph Wright and their literary and philosophical networks has hitherto received insufficient recognition. Darwin treated Wright for his health problems and the two assisted each other in developing social and professional circles and inspired each other’s work, aided by their formidable social and corresponding networks. Residing near each other in the English midlands for nearly forty years and sharing many friends, Wright’s reliance upon Darwin for medical help and psychological support increased as his health deteriorated. Darwin also provided advice upon Wright’s paintings suggesting themes and commenting upon their progression, and his own philosophy and psychology were shaped by discussions with his artistic friend and observations of his professional practice. Versions of Wright’s portraits of Darwin were eagerly commissioned circulated amongst friends and supporters, enhancing and sustaining both their reputations. This study provides revelatory insights into Darwin and Wright’s enlightenment world demonstrating how discourse between the two men and their friends stimulated a rich exchange of ideas and creative interplay.