Proximal soil sensing (PSS) systems have been developed to measure soil physical, chemical and biological attributes when placed less than 2 m from the soil surface. Various PSS solutions have been intensively used in construction, archeology and environmental assessment. Thus, deploying PSS systems in crop fields, orchards, feedlots and other agricultural land has increasingly spread worldwide to support existing and new precision agriculture practices. PSS-based assessment of soil resources used to support crops and animal production is essential to a sustainable food supply. This chapter lists some of the most practical types of PSS systems available commercially or under extensive research. It discusses modern techniques to interpret PSS measurements to address critical information needs.