Chapter 1: What is combined heat and power? An introduction, including typical examples such as large coal fired power stations (largely of historical interest, but many examples still around) large gas fuelled CCGT stations, small gas engines for groups of houses etc. Chapter 2: Markets for the use of combined heat and power and their limitations For example, industrial process heating is a significant market for combined heat and power but not district heating, and also requires much higher temperatures, and domestic building heating with CHP, which requires district heat. The likely total scope of each for example will be discussed - there is far greater scope for generation of heat and power in the domestic building markets than industry and this therefore is a more significant market but has different characteristics such as differing load factors and temperature requirements. Chapter 3: What are the energy savings attributable to combined heat and power? The modelling method used by most governmental authorities is in simple terms wrong as it is not thermodynamically correct and underestimates energy savings significantly. This will be explained and demonstrated in simple terms. Chapter 4: What is district heating? This is the technology of piping large amounts of hot water a considerable distance – in some cases over 100km. The technology and its components will be described from very large systems such as the Prague city example taking heat from a power station 60 km away; or a very small systems of 50 houses based on gas or other engines. Issues will include the optimum temperature for heat supply, why and whether or not direct connection is best, losses etc. It will be shown how heat storage for very long periods, months, is already a reality, much ignored and how this form of storage is in fact much more applicable and needed than mere electricity storage which is much more expensive. Storage is clearly of use in a fluctuating and unpredictable regime of renewable power generation. Also cognizant of the huge diurnal heating demand variation which will pose enormous strains on an electrically-heated future. Chapter 5: The economic case for combined heat and power district heating This will be illustrated with a large city type example and a very small village example. The total costs and benefits of such systems compared to the alternatives such as air source individual heat pumps will be evaluated. Again, many methods of presently doing this evaluation are logically flawed, and this will be explained. Chapter 6: Policy frameworks The reasons why combined heat and power and district heating have been successful in other European countries but less so in UK will be looked at, along with suggestions for policy measures that could be implemented to facilitate the appropriate implementation. Chapter 7: Fossil fuel for CHP CHP/DH systems are largely fossil-fuel based at the moment, but the case will be developed to show that since fossil fuel will be burnt in central power stations for many years to come, their waste heat could be used to grow district heat networks which could later be repurposed to utilise heat from renewable sources. Also, if carbon capture ever becomes a reality this would prolong the life of these stations at low cost, and enable the capture of domestically generated carbon dioxide, which is impossible with individual gas boilers. Chapter 8: The scope and possibility for non-fossil fuel for combined heat and power Options to be discussed include renewable generated hydrogen, bioethanol, and other biofuels which of course have their limitations; also, nuclear power is an option which will be discussed. Note with district heat, many of the inefficiencies of e.g. hydrogen generation with electrolysis creates waste heat, and the compressors waste heat which can all be recovered and utilised for DH. Chapter 9: The Big heat pump option It is envisaged that district heat networks, perhaps initially grown on the basis of using fossil fuel power stations readily convertible to combined heat and power, can in due course be heated with very large heat pumps taking heat from e.g. rivers and oceans as is already the case in e.g. Helsinki and some other cities. This will be discussed with examples and costs, along with as noted a diverse range of presently wasted heat. Chapter 10: Integration of renewable energy into the power grid when sourced largely by variable renewables This chapter will explain some of the difficulties encountered with the above, and how DH in the long run not only benefits the heat side of the National Energy equation but also the power side, which absent DH and its massive cheap storage would cause great strain and cost for the grid. The author has already delivered a number of papers on this topic to learned bodies. Chapter 11: Conclusions and summary What is the likely scope of CHP and then DH from other heat sources likely to be in the future? How does it compare with competitors – such as direct electric heating, individual heat pumps, and hydrogen?