What do we know about the environments in which the Byzantine Empire unfolded in the eastern Mediterranean? How were they perceived and how did man and the environment mutually influence each other during the Byzantine millennium? Which approaches have been tried up until now to understand these interactions? And what could a further environmental-historical research agenda look like? The present volume brings together contributions from researchers who have approached these issues from very different perspectives. They focus on the explanatory power of traditional as well as “new” sources and the methods of Byzantine Studies and Byzantine archaeology for this hitherto little-explored sphere.