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Providing new information on women's participation in the Moroccan independence movement, Voices of Resistance offers a rare opportunity to hear Moroccan women speak freely about their personal lives. Each woman is introduced in terms of her family background and personal style, and the interviews are given texture and context by references to Moroccan history and popular culture, including contemporary songs and poems. These women are storytellers, and they lived through stirring times. Their active struggle against French colonialism also challenged and redefined traditional Moroccan ideas about women's roles in society. The narratives reconstruct the little-known history of Moroccan feminism and nationalism, and probe the lives of a remarkable group of Islamic women whose voices have never been heard until now.
"What I like about this book is the opportunity to hear Moroccan women speak about their personal lives freely—their youth; their education; their roles as women, wives, mothers; and particularly about their involvement in the resistance to French colonialism in the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s. Baker is an excellent guide to her subjects and she writes very well. Her comments throughout are important and insightful." —William A. Hoisington, Jr., University of Illinois at Chicago
"The author has found an interesting way of inserting and managing her voice as an observer and fashioner of the narrative. The women's oral histories are engaging and give a sense of the distinct personal styles and personalities of the individual Moroccan activist women who were interviewed. She has performed an important service in collecting these oral memoirs of a transitional time in the political and social history of Morocco and the neglected role of women in these events." —Marcia K. Hermansen, San Diego State University
"The immediacy, spontaneity, and openness of these oral history interviews are a testimony to the intelligence and empathy with which Alison Baker has 'listened' to the stories. Oral history is a dynamic and interactive process and the author has used the possibilities of the genre to bring us unforgettable narratives of courage and perseverence. Voices of Resistance is must reading for students of women's contribution to politics and change in Muslim societies."—Mahnaz Afkhami, Director, Sisterhood Is Global Institute and editor of Faith and Freedom: Women's Human Rights in the Muslim World
List of Illustrations
Acknowledgments
Preface
Part I: Introduction
1. Oral History in Morocco
2. Nationalism and Feminism in Moroccan History
3. Colonialism, Conflict, and Independence
Part II: Nationalist Women
4. Fez and the Nationalist Women
5. Malika El Fassi: Foremother of the Modern Women's Movement
6. Zhor Lazraq: Fez, the Next Generation
7. Rqia Lamrania and Fatima Benslimane Hassar: The Free School Movement in Salé
8. Oum Keltoum El Khatib: Casablanca
9. Amina Leuh and Khadija Bennouna: Nationalist Education and Politics in Tetouan
Part III: Women in the Armed Resistance
10. Casablanca and the Women of the Armed Resistance
11. Fatna Mansar: Casablanca
12. Saadia Bouhaddou: Casablanca
13. Ghalia Moujahide: Rabat
14. Aicha and Mina Senhaji: Co-wives of a Resistance Leader
15. Zohra Torrichi and Rabiaa Taibi: Oujda
Part IV: Conclusion
16. Conclusion
Appendix A: Notes on Methodology
Apendix B: Chronology of Events Mentioned in the Oral Histories
Appendix C: Glossary of Moroccan Arabic and French Terms
Notes
Selected Bibliography
Index