Thermal imaging has shown great potential for monitoring key production and welfare issues in dairy cattle through a non-contact and stress-free approach. This chapter introduces the fundamental principles of thermal radiation and outlines best practices for configuring thermal cameras for practical use in monitoring cattle. Recent advances are elaborated through case studies, including heat stress detection, reproduction monitoring, identifying pain or inflammation such as mastitis and hoof diseases, and evaluating emotional health. The chapter also discusses emerging technologies in thermal data processing and analysis, emphasising the balance between cost and efficiency. Moreover, the integration of thermal imaging data with other sources—such as environmental and behavioural data—is highlighted as a way to enhance decision-making in dairy herd management. These advancements position thermal imaging as a crucial tool for improving both productivity and animal welfare in future dairy farming.