This chapter focuses on analysis of the private sector input supply to smallholders, in Africa. The goal of the chapter is to describe and discuss challenges of the private sector when working with smallholders. There is special emphasis of reliability of demand, purchasing power and logistics that impact on the private sector input supply to the smallholder farmers (SHFs). Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected and analysed. Semi-structured questionnaires were deployed on key informants from the industry in Ghana, Malawi, Kenya, Zambia and Zimbabwe. This was complimented by documentary analysis and a review of literature. Both primary and secondary data were used to generate tables and graphics using the Microsoft excel. Examples and case studies are incorporated to illustrate the role and challenges that are encountered by the private sector in providing inputs to the smallholder farmers in Africa.