This book examines the definitional differences between classical and modern political theory as they relate to the constituent parts of justice. Since the earliest days of political philosophy, justice has been understood as the goal of the state. And most thinkers have spent a considerable time addressing the components of justice—nature, happiness, freedom, equality, and virtue. This book looks at these terms using both the classical and modern conceptions and argues that modern thinkers’ redefinition of the terms has changed the way we conceive of justice and thus, transformed the ways states evaluate issues of right and wrong.