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Agriculture contributes 10–12% of direct anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and up to 20–25% when land-use change is included. Key emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), and nitrous oxide (N₂O) arise from soil organic matter decomposition, livestock enteric fermentation, rice cultivation, and nitrogen cycling in fertilized soils. Emission patterns vary widely across regions due to differences in climate, land use, and management. CO₂ emissions dominate in tropical regions due to deforestation, while CH₄ is prominent in Asia from rice and livestock, and N₂O prevails in intensive systems with high fertilizer inputs. Mitigation options include improving soil carbon storage, reducing emissions from peatlands, and enhancing nutrient and livestock management. These measures can reduce emissions up to 50% but depend on regional conditions and adoption. Balancing mitigation with food security and economic viability remains a key challenge under a changing climate.
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Global variation in total and agricultural greenhouse gas emissions
- 3 Global variation in total and agricultural carbon dioxide emissions
- 4 Global variation in total and agricultural nitrous oxide emissions
- 5 Global variation in total and agricultural methane emissions
- 6 Drivers of global variation in greenhouse gas emissions
- 7 Mitigating measures for reducing agricultural greenhouse gas emissions
- 8 Global potential for increasing carbon sequestration
- 9 Global potential for reducing nitrous oxide emissions
- 10 Global potential for reducing methane emissions
- 11 Global potential for mitigating agricultural greenhouse gas emissions: a summary
- 12 Challenges and trade-offs
- 13 Conclusion
- 14 Where to look for further information
- 15 References