As described throughout this book, plant factories with artificial lighting (PFALs) can contribute to solving global and local issues in: 1) food safety and security, 2) environmental recovery, improvement, and creation, 3) increasing demands for a higher quality of fresh, functional, pesticide-free foods, 4) reducing food mileage and food loss, and 5) quality of life. However, in practice, most existing PFALs have not yet achieved the potential that PFALs have. This chapter provides an overview of the challenges in sustainable PFALs both in food production and in achieving wider social goals.