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In the early part of the 20th century, X-rays were used for the investigation of the atomic structure of solids. Until the 1980s, experimental evidence suggested that virtually all solid materials were either amorphous or ordered three-dimensional structures with translational and rotational symmetry that were described by classical crystallographic concepts. Since then, a number of structures that stretch the concept of a crystalline material have been discovered. In 1984, a solid phase, known as a quasicrystal, that possessed long-range order but lacked the periodicity of a crystalline material, was observed. At about the same time, novel molecular structures were observed for elemental carbon and, more recently, carbon has been prepared as a two-dimensional material. This book reviews some of the recently-discovered materials with novel microstructures. Part I describes the structure and properties of quasicrystalline materials, while Part II gives an overview of some of the unique phases that have been observed for elemental carbon. These unusual structures are discussed in the context of related materials with traditional crystallographic order.
Preface About the Author Part I Quasicrystallography Chapter 1 Crystalline Structure 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Atomic Theory 1.3 The Structure of Crystals 1.4 Crystals and Symmetry Problems References and Suggestions for Further Reading Chapter 2 X-ray Diffraction Techniques 2.1 Introduction 2.2 X-ray Diffraction 2.3 The Production of X-rays 2.4 X-ray Diffraction Experiments Problems References and Suggestions for Further Reading Chapter 3 Crystallographic Symmetry 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Allowed and Forbidden Symmetries 3.3 The Discovery of Five-Fold Symmetry Problem References and Suggestions for Further Reading Chapter 4 Aperiodic Structures 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Aperiodicity and Rabbits 4.3 Penrose Tilings 4.4 The Structure of Quasicrystals Problems References and Suggestions for Further Reading Chapter 5 Applications of Quasicrystals 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Applications of Quasicrystals References and Suggestions for Further Reading Part II Allotropes of Carbon Chapter 6 Allotropes and Crystal Bonding 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Allotropes of Carbon 6.3 Carbon Bonds References and Suggestions for Further Reading Chapter 7 Diamond 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Physical Properties of Diamond Hardness Electrical conductivity Thermal conductivity 7.3 The Free Electron Model 7.4 The Nearly Free Electron Model and the Band Structure of Solids 7.5 The Electrical Conductivity of Diamond 7.6 Phonons and Thermal Conductivity Problems References and Suggestions for Further Reading Chapter 8 Other Crystalline Allotropes of Carbon 8.1 Introduction 8:2 Lonsdaleite 8.3 Graphite Problem References and Suggestions for Further Reading Chapter 9 Nanostructured Allotropes of Carbon 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Carbon Rings and Graphene Electrical properties Thermal properties Mechanical properties 9.3 Carbon Nanotubes Electrical properties Thermal properties Mechanical properties Hydrogen storage 9.4 Fullerenes Diamond precursor Hardness and alloy strengthening additives Photovoltaic cells Nonlinear optical applications X-ray and MRI contrast enhancement Drug delivery Hydrogen storage 9.5 Carbon Nanofoam Problems References and Suggestions for Further Reading