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The papers in this volume were presented by paint analysts, painters and decorators, architectural and art conservators, preservation architects, heritage managers, materials scientists etc. at the International Architectural Paint Research Conference held in New York City in 2017.
The built environment in which architectural finishes are found is one that is constantly changing. Styles go out of fashion, use changes, and new finishes are applied. Previous finishes are often hidden below later layers - the macroscopic and microscopic study of which are important for the documentation, conservation and restoration of these materials, the finishes and the architecture. Architectural Paint Research aims to further our knowledge of materials and techniques not only of paints and varnishes but also gilding, decorative plasterwork and stucco, wood finishes and wallpapers.
'This beautifully illustrated volume is an invaluablereference which should be read by AFR practitioners today.This reading should be accompanied by consultation of postprints from the conference series, especially those papersproviding documentation or on-site tools, discussingprofessional ethics and methodology, presenting client surveysand revisiting earlier AFR reports. These readings can serve asan inspiration to professionals working in architecturalconservation. It is my hope that they could also help clientsand stakeholders understand the basic requirements for anefficient and reliable AFR project, whether it is meant fordocumentation only or for visualizing, preserving, conserving,reconstructing or reintegrating original or period historicfinishes.'�
Foreword
Acknowledgements
Traditional finishes
The original appearance of the �painted chamber� in Huis de Dieu, Alkmaar (1742�1744): the discovery of a remarkable finish
Ige Verslype, Hinke Sigmond, Richard Harmanni, Katrien Keune and Margriet van Eikema Hommes
History of painted fa�ades from the Middle Ages to the 20th century in Flanders (Belgium)
Ann Verdonck and Marjolein Deceuninck
Limewashed island: architectural finishes in early Bermuda
Edward A. Chappell and Kirsten Travers Moffitt
Kalsomine paint: ubitquitous but ephemeral
Mary Jablonski
Conservation research for architectural ceiling paintings in Donghua Men (the east city entrance gate), the Forbidden City, Beijing
Li Guanghua, Peng Weiwei, Yang Hong and Lei Yong
Determining the early 18th-century colour scheme of the Golden Room in the Mauritshuis, The Hague: interpretation issues caused by changes to paint chemistry
Margriet van Eikema Hommes, Katrien Keune, Ruth Jongsma and Carol Pottasch
Exterior colour schemes of historic wooden buildings in the Kassisaba District of Tallinn, Estonia
Claudia Valge
Analytical techniques in architectural paint research: HMS Victory as a case study
Meredith Freeman
Replication of traditional finishes
Challenges in distinguishing ochreous colours: examining differences between ochre and raw sienna and their importance in the context of replicating historical finishes
Anne Milnes
From pigment particles to parlor walls: contemporary practice in the reproduction of historic paints
Erika Sanchez Goodwillie and Christopher Mills
Finding the right yellow: fine tuning a color in Stenton�s Yellow Lodging Room
Catherine S. Myers and Laura C. Keim
Nineteenth- and twentieth-century finishes
W.R. Emerson�s Eustis house: interior decorative finishes of an Aesthetic Movement masterpiece
Amy Cole Ives
The tasteful tenement: forgotten finishes at the Lower East Side Tenement Museum, New York
Stephanie M. Hoagland
The Government Hospital for the Insane: a finish analysis of the Center Building, St. Elizabeths Hospital, Washington, DC
Amanda Edwards
Investigation of paint instability and conservation requirements for decorative auditorium and library ceilings
Nancy E. Binnie, Wendy Baker, Elizabeth Moffatt, Margaret-Ashley Veall, Kate Helwig and Jennifer Poulin
K.B. Hallen: a modernist building in the transition between tradition and industrial evolution
Jo Bornemann Mogensen, Mads Christian Christensen, Martin N. Mortensen and Michelle Taube
Making the traditional non-traditional: the architectural finishes of Frank Lloyd Wright
Dorothy S. Krotzer and Lauren Drapala
�Derailing� the myth of Gilded Age decoration in the Grand Isle private railcar: a case study of the painted ceiling panels
Emily Wroczynski, Nancie Ravenel and Chip Stulen
Uncommon finishes
Sgraffito murals in Israel: documentation and conservation
Shay Farkash and Mika Tal
A DDT clear coating and wallpaper for the American home
Judith M. Jacob
New approaches
Investigating architectural finishes and surfaces: using an online documentation tool to examine historical colour schemes
Edwin Verweij and David Edvardson
Experiencing ancient polychromy at the Metropolitan Museum of Art�s temple of Dendur
Erin A. Peters, Matt Felsen and Maria Paula Saba
Using image processing to understand 20th-century architectural colour schemes
in Singapore
Yeo Kang Shua, U-Xuan Tan, Soon-Tzu Speechley, Lawrence Chin and Achala Athukorala
The on-site pre-embedding of samples for paint cross-sections
Nynne Raunsgaard Sethia
Interpretation of cross-sections to characterize preparatory and design layers and guide decorative paint exposure work
Melissa McGrew