The contentious land-sparing versus land-sharing debate, pivotal in discussions surrounding food production and biodiversity conservation, occupies a central role in informing environmental policy and land management practices. This chapter critically examines the evolution of this debate recognizing four perspectives from distinct but related standpoints: authority of science, conservation fundamentalism, neo-Malthusianism and agroecological idealism. It then presents the Nature’s matrix approach which recognizes the agricultural matrix's role in conserving biodiversity at the landscape level. The chapter argues that this approach, consistent with theories of agroecological transformation, provides an ecological framework that, in combination with a socio-political analysis, provides a more comprehensive understanding of the intersection between food production and biodiversity conservation. The authors advocate for a research agenda focused on integrative, socio-ecologically oriented approaches that transcend traditional binaries and embrace system complexity.