A nutrient management strategy which relies on the total replacement of all nutrients in the biomass is not sustainable from an economic or environmental point of view. This chapter therefore reviews more sustainable strategies for nutrient management in sugarcane cultivation. It begins by discussing the benefits of crop rotation, green manure and trash retention, before a detailed consideration of cane fertilization with nitrogen and other macronutrients, micronutrients and silicon. The potential uses of cane processing residues are considered. Finally, foliar diagnosis is reviewed as a tool to evaluate the nutritional status of a crop.