Coffee is one of the important agricultural commodities, contributing substantially to the national exchequers of growing countries. Coffee is generally obtained from two types of coffee plants, namely Arabica and Robusta; the two species differ from each other in their centre of origin, breeding behaviour, growth habit, adaptability, production potential and quality attributes, but together produce unique blends for the consumer. This chapter offers a comprehensive review of various topics related to the development of Robusta coffee varieties, including the growth habits and agronomical characteristics of Robusta coffee, its breeding behaviour and genetic resources. The chapter describes the genetic structure of Robusta base populations and their phenotypic variability and initial efforts in the development of improved varieties. The chapter finally addresses the factors limiting sustained breeding initiatives and looks ahead to pragmatic strategies for the future.