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Africa: climate change, agriculture and land use
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17 September 2026

African agriculture faces a triple challenge: meeting rising demand for food, managing rapid changes in land use, and adapting to climate change. Although Africa accounts for less than 4% of global greenhouse gas emissions, over 60% originate from the agriculture, forestry, and other land-use sectors. This chapter focuses on understanding GHG and carbon dynamics in the agriculture and land use sector in Nigeria, Ethiopia, Tanzania and Democratic Republic of Congo, examining deforestation, rice production, fertiliser use and livestock enteric fermentation. Despite constrained resources and competing developmental priorities, Africa has substantial opportunities to attain net zero through context-specific innovations that improve agricultural productivity without increasing land pressure.
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Ruminant and other livestock methane (CH4) and manure emissions
- 3 Fertiliser-related nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions
- 4 Emissions from rice production
- 5 Deforestation
- 6 Case studies on net zero pathways: the Democratic Republic of the Congo
- 7 Case studies on net zero pathways: Nigeria
- 8 Case studies on net zero pathways: Ethiopia
- 9 Case studies on net zero pathways: Tanzania
- 10 Ongoing challenges
- 11 Conclusion and future trends
- 12 Where to look for further information
- 13 Acknowledgements
- 14 References