This chapter reviews advances in breeding for calving performance in dairy cattle. The chapter begins by first providing an overview of the developments in selection for improved calving performance in dairy herds. It then goes on to describe trait reporting, focusing on some of the key traits associated with calving ease and stillbirth that are key to developing improved dairy breeding programmes to enhance calving ability selection. This is then followed by an overview of the substantial breed differences that exist in calving ability. The chapter moves on to examine the genetic parameters associated with calving ease and stillbirth. A section on calving ability trends in the United States is also provided, followed by an overview of the economic impact calving difficulty and stillbirths have on the dairy cattle industry as a whole. The chapter considers the rise in beef × dairy matings and their potential in improving calving ability and also provides a case study on experimental matings.