This congress volume of the Minerva Center for the Relations between Israel and Aram in Biblical Times combines theoretical approaches to historical research on autonomy or independence in ancient cultures and then presents articles which study the subject using Aram and Israel in antiquity as examples. These articles show clearly how strongly Syria and Palestine were linked to one another and how they constituted one single cultural region which was connected by its economy, politics, language, religion, and culture. Contributors:Dominik Bonatz, Amit Dagan, Jan Dietrich, Adi Eliyahu-Behar, Esther Eshel, Israel Finkelstein, Christian Frevel, Leeor Gottlieb, Shuichi Hasegawa, John Healey, Assaf Kleiman, Gunnar Lehmann, Yuval Levavi, Yigal Levin, Daniele Morandi Bonacossi, Robert A. Mullins, Herbert Niehr, Eckart Otto, Nava Panitz-Cohen, Thomas Romer, Omer Sergi, David Smith, Ian Stern, Abraham Tal, Yifat Thareani, Karel van der Toorn, Nili Wazana, Paul Weirich, Vanessa Workman, Christoph Wulf, Naama Yahalom-Mack