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Exchanges between different cultures and institutions of learning have taken place for centuries, but it was only in the twentieth century that such efforts evolved into formal programs that received focused attention from nation-states, empires and international organizations. Global Exchanges provides a wide-ranging overview of this underresearched topic, examining the scope, scale and evolution of organized exchanges around the globe through the twentieth century. In doing so it dramatically reveals the true extent of organized exchange and its essential contribution for knowledge transfer, cultural interchange, and the formation of global networks so often taken for granted today.
“Overall, this volume is significant because it reminds scholars that education programmes, which have a history of their own, are not only vital elements of academia, but also have a role as potent elements of power politics.” • History of Education
“The volume is an exciting invitation for mobility scholars to rethink the place of knowledge mobilities within their work. It also provokes readers to consider the variety of ways in which knowledges travel and the various conceptual and methodological frameworks necessary to study them. I have no doubt that Global Exchanges is a long-awaited and important contribution not only for historians of international relations but also for mobility scholars, sociologists, geographers, and anthropologists alike.” • Transfers
“This is an excellent collection that treats an important subject of historical inquiry in a long and truly global context. There is a great array of temporal and geographical examples to be found here which validate the interpretive framework and cumulatively provide a valuable and original survey of ‘the first century of official scholarship.’” • Tomás Irish, Swansea University
List of Figures and Tables
Acknowledgements
List of Abbreviations
Introduction: A World of Exchanges: Conceptualizing the History of International Scholarship Programs (Nineteenth to Twenty-First Centuries)
Ludovic Tournès and Giles Scott-Smith
PART I: NATIONAL AND IMPERIAL POWER POLITICS
Chapter 1. The Politics of Scholarly Exchange: Taking the Long View on the Rhodes Scholarships
Tamson Pietsch & Meng-Hsuan Chou
Appendix: Derek Jon de Sa
Chapter 2. The Defeat of University Autonomy: French Academic Diplomacy, Mobility Scholarships and Exchange Programs (1880s-1930s)
Guillaume Tronchet
Appendix: The French-Serbian Academic Exchange Agreement of 1916
Chapter 3. The Commonwealth University Interchange Scheme: Promoting Exchanges in a Changing World (1948-1960)
Alice Byrne
Appendix: Sir Hector Hetherington (1888-1965)
Chapter 4. Students as Ambassadors: German-American Exchange Diplomacy during the 1980s
Jacob S. Eder
Appendix: Hildegard Hamm-Brücher (1921-2016)
PART II: INTERNATIONAL UNDERSTANDING AND WORLD PEACE
Chapter 5. Muscular Christian Exchanges: Asian Sports Experts and the International YMCA Training School (1910s-1930s)
Stefan Hübner
Appendix: Dong Shouyi (1895-1978)
Chapter 6. Managing Scientific Exchange in Interwar Germany: August Wilhelm Fehling and Rockefeller Foundation Fellowships
Judith Syga-Dubois
Appendix: Eva Flügge
Chapter 7. Wedges and Webs: Rockefeller Nursing Fellowships (1920-1940)
Pierre-Yves Saunier
Appendix: Katarina Stipetic
Chapter 8. Fellowship Programs for Public Health Development: The Rockefeller Foundation, UNRRA, and the WHO (1920s – 1970s)
Yi-Tang Lin, Thomas David, Davide Rodogno
Chapter 9. New Missionaries for Social Development: The ILO Internship Program (1950-1963)
Véronique Plata-Stenger
Appendix: Fresia Carballo de Mendoza
PART III: THE COLD WAR: A GOLD AGE OF SCHOLARSHIP PROGRAMS
Chapter 10. The Fulbright Program and the Philosophy and Geography of US Exchange Programs since World War II
Lonnie R. Johnson
Appendix: The Long-Term Impact of the Fulbright Program. An Assessment by Bronislaw Marciniak
Chapter 11. Grassroots Diplomacy: Fighting the Cold War on the Family Farm with the International Farm Youth Exchange
Peter Simons
Appendix: Preparing for Farm Life Abroad
Chapter 12. Third World Students at Soviet Universities in the Brezhnev Period
Julie Hessler
Chapter 13. US Exchange Programs with Africa during the Civil Rights Era
Hannah Higgin
Chapter 14. Working on/Working with the Soviet Bloc: IREX, Scholarly Exchanges and Détente
Justine Faure
Appendix: Allen H. Kassof
PART IV: THE GLOBALIZATION MOMENT: NEW GEOGRAPHY AND NEW CHALLENGES
Chapter 15. American Foundations and the Challenge of Funding International Fellowship and Exchange Programs Since 1970
Patricia L. Rosenfield
Chapter 16. Global Networks, Soft Power, and the US Military
Carol Atkinson
Appendix: Kristin Lund
Chapter 17. American Fulbrighters in China (1979-2014)
Guangqiu Xu
Chapter 18. Importing Barbarian Knowledge : The JET Program and the Development of Cultural Internationalism in Japan (1987-2014)
Jesse Sargent
Appendix: The JET Alumni Association
Chapter 19. New Actors of the post-Cold War World (Europe, China, India): Towards a Genuine Globalization of Scholarship Programs
Ludovic Tournès
Conclusion: 150 Years of Scholarship Programs: Old Trends and New Prospects in the Global Landscpe
Giles Scott-Smith and Ludovic Tournès
Selected Bibliography
Web Resources
Index