This chapter provides a comprehensive and technically detailed overview of outdoor hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) cultivation, focusing on the agronomic principles, physiological traits, and regulatory landscapes that define successful production systems for fiber, grain, and cannabinoid/essential oil end-uses. Emphasis is placed on the specific physiological and morphological traits associated with each end-use class, and the corresponding management strategies required to optimize biomass quality and yield. The chapter examines key factors influencing outdoor cultivation, including genotype selection, site-specific soil and climate conditions, planting density, irrigation regimes, nutrient inputs, and integrated pest and disease management. Overall, the chapter aims to equip growers, agronomists, and researchers with the technical knowledge and contextual insight needed to make informed decisions across diverse production environments. It concludes with a forward-looking discussion on the role of outdoor hemp cultivation in resilient, climate-smart agricultural systems.