This concluding chapter to the book Achieving net zero dairy farming takes stock of the key insights provided by individual chapters in the book. It reviews the evidence relating to the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) and other pollutants, approaches to their mitigation, and the potential for carbon sequestration. Drawing from a wealth of expert analysis, the chapter provides an incisive assessment of the nature of the challenge facing dairy production in contributing to sustainability goals. It also provides a pragmatic assessment of options for mitigation and what they can achieve.